Cafangkom Remsalnak Thuhla III

CAFANGKOM REMSALNAK THUHLA III

GERMAN CAFANGKOM REMAWLNAK

(German Spelling Reform)

German cafangkom remsalnak cu 1901 kum ah cozah in a rak tuah. Himi ah cafangkom hlun kalhmang tthenkhat cu an rem. Tthimnak ah ‘th’ hmannak tthenkhat ah ‘t’ an hmang, hyphen (-) hmannak hmunpawl an thleng, cafangkom tthenkhat ah ‘c’ kha ‘z’ ah an thleng. 1944 kum khal ah cafangkom remsalnak dang pakhat tuah an tum. Asinan Leitlun Ralbuai II in a run cimpam ruangah a riaral.

German cafangkom hi cu a tir ihsin English le French cafangkom hnak cun a hngelhnget sawn. Asinan ttha sinsin ding le tluangtlam felfai sinsin ding ih remsal duhnak a um vivo ruangah 1996 kum ihsin cafangkom remsalnak tuah sal a si.

1996 GERMAN CANGANPHUNG REMSALNAK
(German orthography reform of 1996)

Anmah German-pawl ih kawhdan cun hi mi canganphung remsalnak hi Rechts-chreibreform ti a si. German cafangkom zir a ol sinsin theinak dingah tluangtlamter sinsin ding ruahsan ih zuamnak a si tiah Chris Upward cun a sim (Upward, Chris (1997). Spelling Reform in German. Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society J21: 22-24, 36.)

Asinan an remsalmi cu hman cia mi thawi’ danglamtuk, nel um lo tuk, si lo ding ih ralring phah in an tuah. 1996, July thla ah Austria khawpi Vienna ah German ttong a hmangtu Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein le Switzerland rampawl ihsi palaipawl cun lungkimtlangnak an tuah.

Kalhmang thar an tuah mi ah (1) Awn le ngan mi cafang remawktonnak (correspondence between sound and written letter), himi ah hin pukcawi ttongfang (loan word) cafangkom dan khal a tel; (2) cafang pi hman dan (capitalisation); (3) ttongfang peh ding le tthen ding (joined and separate word); (4) hyphen ret mi cafangkom (hyphenated spelling); (5) punctuation; (6) catlang cemnak ih hyphen ret dan (hyphenation at the end of a line) tivekpawl an tel. Hmun hmin le innsang hmin tivek cu remsalnak ah an telh hrih lo.

REMSALNAK THUHLA IH ELAWKNAK

1960 kumpawl ah mithiampawl tiang tel ttul khop ih elawknak a rak suak zo. Mino tthenkhat in cafangkom remsalnak cu palbetawknak le zatlanglam nuainamawknak (social oppression) phun khat ih an ruah ruangah a si. Asinan remsalnak duhtupawl cun German canganphung cu felfai, tluangtlam, siar le ngan le thiam ol sinsin ding in remsalnak kan tuah a ttul an ti ve.

Remsalnak tuah a duhtupawl in an rel tambik mi cu thilhmin tlangpi pawl (common nouns) cafangpi ih ngan mi hlon ding thu a si. Cuvek remsalnak cu Nordic rampawl ahcun tuah a si zo fawn. Nordic rampawl timi cu Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, le Sweden pawl an si. Annih hi German ttong a hmangtu ram an si hai.

MITHIAM RUAL IN 1980 IHSIN REMSALNAK TUAH AN THOK
1980 kum ah Ramtamhuap Cafangkom hrang Ttuantu Pawlpi a si mi Internationaler Arbeitskreis für Orthographie (International Working Group for Spelling) an din. Sungtelpawl cu Nisuahlam Germany (East Germany), Nitlaklam Germany (West Germany), Austria le Switzerland ram-pawl ih ttongphungthiampawl (linguists) an si.

Himi Working Group in thubur an rot mi pawl cu Austria ram Vienna khawpi ah 1986 le 1990 kumpawl ah tonkhawmpi (conference) tuah in an relkhawm. Himi ttum ah German ttong hmannak hmun tin ihsin palaipawl cu Austrian cozah in a sawm hai. Tonkhawmpi veikhatnak an ttiak zawng ah cafang pi hmandan remsalnak tuah ding mi thubur cu German ttong remsalnak (German language reform) thlawhhma pahnihnak (second phase) ah tuah leh ding in an tthawn.

1987 kum ah federal ramkulhpawl ih Nunphunglam Tlangbawipawl (Ministers of Culture of the federal states) cun Maanheim khawpi ih Institute for the German Language le Wiesbaden khawpi ih Society for the German Language cu canganphung kalhmang thar tuah ding in ttuanvo an pe. 1988 kum ah himi pawlkom pahnih cun kalhmang huapkau zet pakhat, famkim hran lo, an suahpi. Tthimnak ah tuihlan ah Der Kaiser ißt den Aal im Boot ti ih an rak ngan mi kha Der keiser isst den al im bot ti ih ngan ding ti a si. A sullam cu ‘Kumpi in lawng sung ah ngarul a ei’ (The Emperor eats the eel in the boat) tican a si. Asinan an thubur cu mipi in an hnong lohli.

Curuangah Nunphunglam Tlangbawipawl khal in an thubur cu an cohlansak nawn lo. Cui caan hrawng ahcun Switzerland, Austria, le Nisuahlam Germany pawl khal ah canganphung remsalnak tuah ding ih ttuantu pawlkom an ding ve hai zo.

1992 kum ah International Working Group cun leitlun pumpi huap ih German cafangkom remsalnak tuah ding ih thuburnak a si mi Deutsche Rechtschreibung — Vorsch-läge zu ihrer Neuregelung (German Spelling — Proposals for its New Regulation) thuduan a suah. 1993 kum ah German Nunphunglam Tlangbawipawl cun cafangkom remsalnak hrangih ttuantu pawkom 43 cu anmai’ hmuhdan run tarlang cio ding in an ko (Cafangkom remsalnak veitu pawlkom an neih zat lawng hman hi hminsin tlak a si).

An hmuhdan an rel mi pawl cu Germany (himi ttum ahcun Germany ram cu pum khat an si zo), Austria, le Switzerland rampawl ah an ngaisak hai. Cui ttum ih pawlkom pakhat le pakhat hmuhdan an ngaisakawk-ton-nak ruangah Working Group cun thilhmin (noun) hmuahhmuah cafang pi (capital letter) ih ngan nawn lo ding ih thubur an tuah mi cu an hnuk kir sal ih, thil dangdang khal ah hmuhdan thar an hlawm aw ton hai.

1994 kum, Vienna khawpi ih tonkhawmpi vei thumnak an tuah hnu cun an lungkim tlang mi thuhlapawl cu anmai’ cozah cio hnen ah pompi ding in an dil hai. German Nunphunglam Tlangbawipawl cun kalhmang thar cu 1998, August 1 ihsi hmang thok ding in an ruatcat ih thlengawknak canbi (transitional period) cu 1998 ihsin 2004-2005 tlawngkai kum (school year) tiang a si ding thu an phuang.

ZIR THOK A SI
1996, July 1 ah German ramkulh hmuahhmuah (Bundeslander pumpi’n) le Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, le German ttong hmangtu umnak rampawl (Luxembourg cu a tel lo) cun cafangkom thar cu 1998, August 1 ihsi hmang thok ding in an lung a kim hai. Luxembourg ram ih zung ttong pathum lak ah German ttong hi pakhat a si ve. Himi ttum ih an cohlan mi cafangkom kalhmang hi Germany ram ih ramkulh malte cun 1996-1997 tlawngkai kum ihsin an rak hmang thok zo lam.

THLENGAWK CAANBI RUANGIH ELAWKNAK
Thu zilzuang pakhat cun cafangkom remsalnak tuah ding ih thlengawk caanbi kum sarih timi cu a reituk ti ih lungkim-lo-tu an tam a ti. Cupawl cun metric system (a sau/san lam metre hmang in, a rih lam tahnak kilogram hman kalhmang ti hrih mai sehla) thlun dingih thlengawknak, euro paisa hmannak, Sweden ram in lamzin fehdan kalhmang kehlam ihsi vorhlam ih a thlengnak tivek zoh tikah hivek remsalnak hi cu thlengawknak caanbi ret tawi a ttha sawn an ti. Caanbi a reituk ahcun mi tampi cu an daithlang ding, a thar ngaihsak lo in an um lawk ding, elbuaiawknak caan a um rei ding ih, a hlun ah kirsal a olte an ti.

A ngaingai khal ah kalhmang thar a cohlangtu le a hlun ih ttang-eueu-tu ti’n bur hnih ah an tthen aw.

Asinan a tlun ih hmuhdan cu thil famkim lo a si. Ziangahtile Nunphunglam Tlangbawipawl ih thupek cu tlawnginn le zungpawl lawng ah hmual a nei ih, a lenglam zaran mipi cun a duh sawn mi cafangkom kalhmang kha zalen zet ih a hman thei lai ruangah a si. Curuangah cafangkom remsalnak hi caanbi tawite men ih tuah ci a si lo. Mi bulpak cio ih cafangkom kha cozah khal in a pompi thei a si hman ah calaibuuk thawng tampi sungah cabu le mekazin hlun a billion tel in an um tthentthen lai. Cu pawl cu cafangkom kalhmang hlun hman mi hlir an si. Sumpai hman mi thlengnak (currency change) asilole lamzin zawhdan kalhmang thlengnak le cafangkom thlengnak cu khaikhin theih ci a si lo. Sumpai hman mi thlengnak ahcun a hlun kha hman a si nawn lo vivo ih a hlo vuarvi mai. Lamzin zawhdan kalhmang thlengnak ah phei cun thleng hnu ih kalhmang hlun hman cu ttih a nung zet mi a si. Asinan cafangkom remsalnak ahcun a hlun kha zamrangte’n a hlo thei lohli dah lo.

MISENPI ELBUAIAWKNAK

A tir ahcun remsalnak hin zaran mipi a hip lemlo. Asinan ramtamhuap tumtah mi phuansuahnak (international declaration of intent) hminsen an kar hnu cun ngaihven a hlawh. Kalhmang thar a dodal-hmaisabik-tu cu tlawngsayapawl an si. Frankfurt Cabu Zuar Puai (Frakfurt Book Fair – Germany ih cabu zuar puai ropibik) an tuah ttum, 1996 kum ah, Bavaria ramkulh ih tlawngsaya Friedrich Denk cun canganthiam le dengfelphung mithiam (scientist) za tampi hnen ihsin remsalnak hnukkir ding ih dilnak hminsen (signature) tampi a rak la ngah.

A bawmtu hminthang pawl cu 1999 kum ih Nobel Calai Laksawng ngahtu canganthiam hminthang Gunter Grass (1927- ), canganthiam hminthang Siegfried Lenz, canganthiam Martin Walser, thuanthucawn nganthiam Hans Magnus Enzensberger, le nunthuleng nganthiam Walter Kempowski pawl an si. Cafangkom remsalnak dokalh ih duhphorh lamzin zawhnak cun ram pumpi a hrawhsuak ih Cafangkom Remsalnak Dodaltu Tlawngsayapawl, Wir Lehrer gegen die Rechtschreibreform (Teachers Against the Spelling Reform) timi hmin tiang in duhphorhnak an tuah.

Duhphorhnak kaihruaitu cu tlawngsayapawl le cangvaitu (activist) Manfred Riebe an si. 1997, May thla ah German Cafangkom le German Ttong Tthansohternak Pawlpi a si mi Society for German Spelling and Language Cultivation cun cafangkom remsalnak a dodal thok ve ih cafangkom remsalnak dodaltu pawlkom khal a din.

Thubuai cu a sosang vivo ih thutthenzung tiang a thleng. Ramkulh dangdang ah thutthen tlukternak dangdang a um. Curuangah Germany Rampumhuap Ukhruaiawknak Thutthenzung Bundesver-fassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court of Germ-any) cu kalhmang pakhat tuah fial a si.

1998, May thla ah Theodor Ickler , Helmut Jochems, Horst Haider Munske le Peter Eisenberg ih hoha mi ttong le calai professor 550 rual, cafangkom remsaltu lakih teltu Collège de France phunsangtlawng ih Harald Weinrich le Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques phunsangtlawng ih Jean-Marie Zemb tei’ pahnih, le mi dang pawl cun Federal Constitutional Court hnen ah cafangkom remsalnak cu hlon thla ding in an dil.

Asinan 1998, May 12 ih Thutthenzung Sang (High Court) in tlawngsaya pawlkom ih thubur ngaisaknak a neih hnu (cafangkom remsalnak dodaltu pawlkom lakah tlawngsaya pawlkom lawng hi an thubur a ngaisak), 1998 kum July 12 ah Nunphunglam Tlangbawipawl in cafangkom remsalnak an tuah mi cu cozah dan khal in a pompi tiah a phuang sawn riangri.

Germany ram ih Schleswig-Holstein ramkulh ahcun 1998, September 27 ah, mipi duhdan laknak (referendum) an tuah ih cafangkom kalhmang hlun ih kirsal ding lam in a neh. Asinan ramkulh tlangbawi pi (prime minister) Heide Simonis cun mipi hmuhdan cu tlangsuakbu ih vote (parliamentary vote) thawn 1999 kum ah a hnukkir sak sal.

NETALAM TTHANSOHNAKPAWL

1997 kum ah kalhmang thar ih tlaksamnak um thei mi pawl cingfeltu ding ramtam huap kawmitti an din. 2004 kum ah German Federal Fimzirnak lam Tlangbawi (Education Minister) Edelgard Bulmahn cun himi kawmitti hi German cafangkom lam ah thuneihnak kau zet pek a si thu a phuang. Asinan cafang pi thlengnak (capitalisation change) tivek thuburnak khungkhai (extreme) pawl ahcun Nunphunglam Tlangbawipawl ih lungkimnak lak a ttul a ti.

Ramtamhuap kawmitti cun cafangkom remsalnak tuah cia mi zohfelnak nei in a thar a suah. Asinan an suah mi cu 2004, March thla ih tuah mi Nunphunglam Tlawngbawipawl Tonkhawmpi (Conference of Ministers of Culture) cun a pompi lo lala. Tlangbawipawl cun lehhnu ahcun kawmitti cu German Academy for Language and Poetry thawi’ ttuan tlang ding in a fial fawn. Academy hi a tir ihsi cafangkom remsalnak soisel-nasa-tu a si. Cuihleiah kawmitti hlawmkhawmawk dan khal an thleng deuh.

2004, July thla ah Nunphunglam Tlangbawipawl cun remsalnak tuah cia mi lak ih thleng sal an duh mi pawl an phuang lala. Himi ahcun hlanlai cafangkom kalhmang le cafangkom kalhmang thar a pahnih ih cohlan theih in an tuah. Cun, Council for German Orthography an din. Ram panga ihsin ttongphungthiampawl (linguists), casuahtupawl (publishers), cangantupawl (writers), thuthangpalaipawl (journalists), tlawngsayapawl le nu-le-papawl (parents) ih aiawhtu mithiam cuangmuar 38 hril ih an din mi a si. A um cia mi ramtam huap kawmitti ih dinhmun run luahtu Council cun cafangkom remsalnak tuah mi lak ih elbuaiawknak a suahlonak zawn pawl kha somso ding in le, elbuaiawknak a suahnak zawn ahcun a huap kau zawng ih pompi phah in hna a ttuan. Council ih zohfel mi remsalnak kalhmang cu 2007, August 1 ihsin hmual nei ding ah nemhnget a si.

DAAN HUVANG THAWN

Rel zo bang in, German cafangkom remsalnak cu 1996, July 1 ah Germany, Austria, le Switzerland ram pawl aiawhtu palaipawl ih lungkimtlangnak tuah mi parah a tthum aw. Asinan hi mi lungkimtlangnak hi thlun tengteng ding ti ih thuhla khohkhah cu a si lo. Germany aiawh ih hminsen kartu cu Nunphunglam Tlangbawipawl Tonkhawmpi ih hotu Karl-Heinz Reck, le Ramsung Zeizok Ramdingkhawm Tlangbawizung (Federal Ministry of the Interior) ih tlangsuakbu sungttuan (parliamentary secretary) Eduard Lintner an si.

Asinan cafangkom remsalnak hi rampumpi tlangsuakbu cun a relfel dah lo. Cuti si sawn lo in German Thutthenzung Sang cun rammipi tlawnginn ih zirter theinak thuneihnak cu Nunphung lam Tlangbawipawl a pe. 2005, August 1 ahcun cafangkom kalhmang hlun tlawnginn ih zir cu a dik lo a si tiah ramkulh tamsawn cun an ruat. Asinan Bavaria le Sakta Rhine-Westphalia ramkulh ahcun remsalnak hi pom a si hrih lo. Asinan 2006 ihsi cun Bavaria le Sakta Rhine-Westphalia ramkulh ih rammipi tlawnginnpawl khal ah kalhmang thar cu zir tengteng ding (compulsory) ah a cang zo. Tlawnginn ihsin cafangkom kalhmang thar cu German ttong hmangtu mipipawl lakah a darh vivo ding tiah an zum.

HMUAL A NEI VIVO
2004 hrawng ahcun Germany ih sutsuah media (printed media) tamsawn cun remsalmi cafangkom an thlun tamsawn. Die Zeit, Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Frankfurter Allgem-eine Zeitung, Süddeutsche Zeitung tivek thuthangca tthenkhat cun anmahte’n bulpak canganphung (in-house orthography) an tuah ih an hmang. Asinan thuthangca tamsawn cun German thuthangca agency pawlpi Deutsche Presse Agentur (DPA) le Reuters thuthangzung ih ruahman mi canganphung an hmang. DPA ih ruahman mi hi remsal mi cafangkom thawn a naiawk zet ruangah kalhmang thar hmangtu ah ruat a theih.

Cabu ahcun remsalnak ih hmual neih le neih lo cu a cabu sung thuhla (subject) par ah a tthum aw. A suahtu (publishing house) ih zir in a dang deuh phah fawn. Suah thar mi cabu zatek 80% cun cafangkom thar an hmang. Tlawng zirca le nauhak siar ding cabu cun a tlangpithu in cafangkom thar an hmang. Asinan tlawng zirca ih hman mi nunthulengpawl cafangkom dan ahcun a ngantu ih duhdan ah a tthum aw. Rotling calai kutsuak (classic work of literature) pawl cu a tlangpithu cun thleng mi um lo in (cafangkom hlun vek in) an suah ttheu. Asinan tlawnginn ih zir ding ih duansuah an si ahcun cafangkom thar hmang ih duan sal an si `heu. An hmang rawi lai nasa tinak a si.

DODALTU DANG PAWL
Thlengawknak caan cu cem zo hman sehla remsalnak a duh-lo-tu cu an um tthiamtthiam ko. Tuan deuh ih a rak dodaltu tthenkhat vun rel lang leh sehla. Remsalnak duh lo ruangah sanphungthiam (historian) le canganthiam Reinhard Markner cun cangantu le mithiam langsar tthenkhat ih somdawlnak thawn German Ttong Zirhliahnak Pawlkom, Forschungsgruppe Deutsche Sprache (FDS) (German Language Research Group) cu 2002 ah a rak din.

2003 khal ahkhan Bavarian Nunphunglam Tlangbawi Hans Zehetmair cun cafangkom remsalnak cu thil sual a si a rak ti. Friedrich Denk khal in thuthangpalai le canganthiam Hans Krieger le, cafangkom remsalnak soiseltu dang tampi ih bomnak thawn Rat für deutsche Rech-tschreibung” (Council for German Spelling) cu 2004, August 22 ah a din.

Ramkheltu lak khal ah Lower Saxony ramkulh ih Hotu-Tlangbawi (Minister-President) Christian Wulff cun Germany cu cafangkom hlun ih a kirsal tengteng a ttul tiah a rak sim. Saarland ramkulh ih Hotu-Tlangbawi Peter Müller khal in, “Cafangkom remsalnak hi tumnak dik lo a si ih, mi tamsawn khal in an cohlang lo. Ramkheltupawl in remsalnak hi kan hlon hlo a `ul,” a rak ti ve. Christian Democratic Union hruaitu Angela Merkel (tulaifang Germany Tlangbawi Pi), le Christian Social Union of Bavaria hruaitu Edmund Stoiber tivek pawl khal in cafangkom remsalnak hi tthulhsan ding in thubur an rak tuah dah fawn.

COHLANNAK DINHMUN

a. Germany ah
2004, July 1 ih TV mekazin thuthang pakhat a si mi ‘Panorama’ in a phuandan cun, “Cafangkom thar cu kum ruk sung hman a si hnu hman ah German misenpi zatek 77% cun cafangkom remsalnak hi thil ttha ah an ruat hrih lo. Himi hi mipi hmuhdan lakkhawmnak ihsi a langdan a si. Pitling cia tamsawn cun kalhmang thar hi an hnong ih, a hnongtu pitling lakah zatek 81% cu kum 30 le 40 kiangkap an si. Cun, Germany rammi panga ih pakhat (zatek 21%) vivo lawng in cafangkom remsalnak hi cohlan tlak ah an ruat.”

b. Switzerland ah
Switzerland ahcun cafangkom remsalnak hin ngaihven a hlawh tuk lo. Ziangahtile cafangkom remsalnak ih an rem mi langsarbik “ß” cu Switzerland ahcun an rak hmantuk lemlo cia mi a si. Swiss thuthangca le mekazin tamsawn cun anmai’ rak hman cia mi bulpakzung kalhmang (house style) an thlun men. Asinan Switzerland ih nitin thuthangca tumbik Neue Zürcher Zeitung cu cozah ih fehpi mi kalhmang thawn pial aw verver in a feh. 2004 kum ah Schweizer Monatshefte thuthangca cu Swiss cafangkom hlun ah a kir sal.

c. Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein ram khal hin Switzerland ih hman mi cafangkom kalhmang hi a hmang ve.

d. Austria ah
Austria ih thuthang kampanipawl cun canganphung remsalnak cu an relkhawm `heu. Asinan ziang thutluknak hman an tuah dah hran lo. Cafangkom hlun ih kirsal a duhtu an tam hrih ding ti ah ruah a si. Austria ih thuthangzung tthenkhat cun cozah ih hman mi kalhmang thlun lo in mai’ bulpak ngandan in an ngan men. 2004, August ih mipi hmuhdan an lak mi ah cun zatek 62% cun kalhmang hlun ih kirsal an vei sawn. Austria ram ih siar hlawhbik thuthangca Kronen-Zeitung kampani cun 2004, August 16 ah cafangkom kalhmang hlun ah ka kirsal ding tiah a phuang; asinan a kirsal ngaingai leh lo.

Peh lai ding.........