CAFANGKOM REMSALNAK THUHLA IV
ENGLISH CAFANGKOM REMSALNAK
(English Spelling Reform)
English hi leitlun ih hman tambik mi ttong pakhat a si ti kan thei cio.
Tappi ttong si lo, ttong hnihnak ih hmangtu a nei tambik mi ttong khal a
si. Cun, cafangkom remsalnak tuah fel thei hrih lo mi ttong picang
umsun a si lala fawn. Tui ttum ah a tawi zawng in English cafangkom
remsalnak sanphung (history) kan zoh ding. A tawizawng hman hi a sau
pam.
English cafangkom remsalnak vei-hmaisabik-tu cu Orm asilole Ormin timi zabi 12 lai ih mithiam (scholar) pakhat a si ih, Ormulum cabu ngantu a si. Cui’ cabu cu calai manmual a nei tam lo nan ttongphungphai hrang ahcun kutsuak thupi zet a si. Cabu sung ahcun English ttongfang salsualtu an tamtuk mi a ngaih lo ruangah ttongfangpawl cu an awsuah vek in ngan a tum. Cuti ih ngan thei ding in amahte’n kalhmang pakhat khal a tuah cih. Aw tawi le sau khal awtung (consonant) thuah in a langter, cumi a ngahl-nak hmun ah aw tawi kha breve thawn hminsinnak a tuah.
NAWL KHATNAK
English cafangkom remsal ding ih thuburtu hi zabi 16 le 17 ihsin an rak um zo. Mi ropi zetzet an si hai. Siangpahrang Edward VI le Siangpahrangnu Elizabeth I san ih Rampi Sungttuan (Secreatry of State) Sir Thomas Smith in cafangkom rem ding ih thuburnak De recta et emendate linguae angliae scriptione ca cu 1568 kum ah a suah. John Hart in An Orthographie (1569); William Bullokar in Booke at Large for the Amendment of English Orthographie (1580); London ih St. Paul’s Tlawng sayakyi Dr. Alexander Gill in Logonomia Anglica (1621), Wooton St. Lawrence khawbawi Charles Butler in English Grammar (1634) tivekpawl ngan in cafangkom remsalnak tuah ding ah thubur an rak tuah zo.
Asinan ngaihsak an rak hlawh tuk lo. A tthenkhat cu awluanphung (phonology) theifiang ngaingai lo ih ngan mi khal an si fawn. Cafangkom remsal ding ih thubur tuah mi ah tidan hlun naih deuh thubur khi cohlan an hlawh deuh a bang. Tthimnak ah James Howell in a cabu Grammar (1662) sung ah cafangkom tthenkhat thleng deuh ding ih thu a rak bur mi cu tuini ahcun hman hnget an si zo. A tthenkhat cu logique kha logic ah, warre kha war ah, sinne kha sin ah, toune kha town tivekpawl an si.
Zabi 16 hnulam cun Greek le Latin calai ih mithiam cangantu tampi in English cafangkom kalhmang cu Graeco-Latin thawi’ naivai ding in an tuah lala. Greek le Latin cafangkom (English ttongfang tampi cu Greek le Latin in an ra) le English cafangkom an naiawk theinak dingah awn lo cafang (silent letter) an bet. Cutin det cu debt (Latin ttongfang debitum thawi’ naivai aw ding in), dout cu doubt (Latin dubitare thawi’ naivai aw ding in), sissors cu scissors ah le sithe cu scythe ah (Latin scindere ihsi ra si hmang ti ih an ruat sual ruangah), iland cu island (Latin insula ihsi ra ah an ruat sual ruangah), ake cu ache (Greek akhos ihsi ra ih an ruat sual ruangah) tivek in an rak thleng ih, tuini tiang in run hman lanta mi an tam zet.
NAWL HNIHNAK
Cafangkom remsalnak nawl hnihnak cu zabi 19 ah a thawk ih dengfelphung ziarang (scientific) thawi’ awsuahphung (phonetics) a tthansoh thok pek thawn an deng aw fawn. Noah Webster in 1806 kum ah a dictionary hmaisabik A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language a suah. Cumi sungah amai’ san lai ih English cafangkom kalhmang duhthu a sam lo zia pawl tarlangnak essay pakhat khal a telh ih rem a duhdan khal a telh cih. A thubur mi tthenkhat; colour ai ih color, centre ai ih center hman ding thubur tivek cu American English ih danglamnak kengkawhtu dinhmun tiang thleng khop in a hlawhtling. Webster hin 1828 ah An American Dictionary of the English Language a suah. Himi ah thuburnak a tuah mi cafangkom kalhmangpawl kha a hmang cih. Dokalhtu tthenkhat an um nan US ahcun nuamtete’n cohlan a rung si vivo.
1837 ah Sir Isaac Pitman (1813-1897) in Phonetic Shorthand timi cafangkom kalhmang thar thuburnak tuah mi ca a suah ve. Himi thubur hi cu kutngantawi (stenography) ah an hmang ih lamzin dang cun a hlawhtling thawkhat ah a cang. A hmin khal Pitman Shorthand an ti. 1848 kum ah Alexander John Ellis in awsuah thlun cafangkom kalhmang tuah ding ih dilnak A Plea for Phonetic Spelling a suah ve. An pahnih in cafangkom kalhmang ngaingai ahcun an hlawhtling lo nan ngaihven an rak hlawh zet.
1870 kum luan hrawng ihsi cun Great Britain le America ih cangandan le calai veitupawl in cafangkom kalhmang hi thupi zet ah an ret thlang. 1876 kum August thla ah khan Philadelphia khawpi ah International Convention for the Amendment of English Orthography an tuah. Cumi ih rahsuah ah English Spelling Reform Association le American Spelling Reform Association a ding. Cumi kum thotho ah American Philological Society cun ttongfang 11 cafangkom dan cu rem ding in thubur an tuah. An rem duh mi pawl cu: are - ar, give - giv, have - hav, live - liv, though - tho, through - thru, guard - gard, catalogue- catalog, (in)definite - (in)definit, wished – wisht tivekpawl an si hai.
Rem sal mi cafangkom hmang hmaisabik thuthangca langsar cu Chicago Tribune a si. Chicago Tribune thuthangca zohfeltu Joseph Medill hi Council of the Spelling Reform Association ah a tel ve ruang khal ah a si. 1883 ah American Philological Society le American Philological Association ttang tlang in cafangkom remsalnak kalhmang (spelling reform rule) 24 an tuah ih a cabu in an suah. 1898 kum ah American National Education Association cun cafangkom remsal mi 12 cu amai’ bulpak in a tuah ih a nemhnget. Cumipawl cu: tho, altho, thoro, thorofare, thru, thruout, catalog, decalog, demagog, pedagog, prolog, program ti pawl an si.
1934 le 1975 karlak ah Chicago khawpi ih thuthangca hlawhtlingbik Chicago Tribune cun remsal mi cafangkom tamzet a hmang. 1934 kum tir thla hnih sungah a khattawk ih an hman hnu ah, cafangkom remsal mi 80 cu mipi hnen ah a tarlang. Cupawl lakah tho, thru, thoro, burocrat, frate, harth, iland, rime, staf le telegraf pawl khal an tel. 1934 March thla ih thuthangca editorial (zohfeltui’ ca) ah casiartu tthen thum ih tthen hnih cun remsal mi cafangkom an duhsawn tiah an ngan. Asinan a lehhnu kum 40 sung ah remsal mi cafangkom a hman mi cu nuamtete’n a mal vivo ih a riaral.
ZABI 20 LE A HNULAM
United States ah Simplified Spelling Board cu 1906, March 11 ah a ding thok. A din-thok-tu sungtel 30 cu canganthiam, professor le dictionary zohfeltu tivekpawl an si. Cupawl lakah Supreme Court Justice (Thutthenzung Sangbik ih Thutthentu) David Josiah Brewer, Columbia Phunsangtlawng hotu Nicholas Murray Butler, Dewey Decimal Classification (calaibuuk ih cabu phun tthendan kalhmang) tuahsuaktu Dr. Melvil Dewey (a hmin khal khi amahte’n Melville ihsin Melvil ti ih a thleng mi a si), The Standard Dictionary ih zohfeltu (editor) Dr. Isaac K. Funk, United States Sumpaizung Sungttuan (Secretary of the Treasury) Lyman J. Gage, United States Fimzirnak Mangkibawi (Commissioner of Education) William Torrey Harris (1909 ih suah mi Webster’s New International Dictionary ih zohfeltu-lu-bik khal a si), cabu suahtu hminthang Henry Holt, professor Calvin Thomas, canganthiam Mark Twain tivek mi ropi zetzet khal an tel. Canganthiam hminthang le U.S ih thuanthucawn calai (dramatic literature) professor hmaisabik Brander Matthews cu hotu ah hril a si.l
Dintu sungtel (founding member) Andrew Carnegie in SSB cu kum khat ah US$ 15,000 (tuisan dollar cun 350,000 lenglo) in a bawm. Amai’ neihsiah sumpai rori suah ih a bom mi a si. 1906, April 1 ah cafangkom remsal hmaisatbik mi ttongfang 300 (the first 300 words) an suah. Cumi lak ih ttongfang 157 cu American English ahcun hman tam zo mi an si.
A tambik in –ed ih cem mi ttongfang kha –t ih cemter (addressed, caressed, missed, possessed tivek kha addresst, carest, mist, possest tivek ih thleng); awn lo cafang (silent letter) hlon (catalogue kha catalog ah), -re ih cemmi kha –er ah (calibre, sabre tivek kha caliber, saber ti’n); “ough” kha “o” ah (altho, tho, thoro tivek in); le a hlan ih “s” an rak hmannak ah “z” aw a suah ahcun “z” ih thleng (brasen, surprise tivek kha brazen, surprize ti’n) tivek an si. Cafang-thuah (diagraph) khal hlon an duh- anaemia kha anemia ah, anaesthesia kha anesthesia, archaeology kha archeology, encyclopaedia kha encyclopedia, orthopaedic kha orthopedic tivek in.
1906, August thla ah SSB ih cafangkom thubur cu US Ramhotu 26-nak Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) in a cohlang ih Cozah Casutnak Zung (Govenrment Printing Office) cu cui’ cafangkom kalhmang hmang lohli ding in thu a pe. Asinan cumi kum thotho December thla ah U.S. Tlangsuakbu (Congress) cun cafangkom kalhmang hlun hman theinak thusuah a nemhnget lala. Asinan cafangkom tthenkhat cu hman lanta mi an um. Anaemia cu anemia ah, mould cu mold ah tivek in. Asinan mixed kha mixt ah, scythe kha sithe ah tivek ih remsal mi cu hman an si nawn lo.
British thuthangcapawl ih soiselnak ruangah, SSB cun Scottish dictionary tuahtu le Oxford English Dictionary ih zohfeltu James Murray le Oxford Phunsangtlawng ih comparative philology professor le English Dialect Dictionary zohfeltu Joseph Wright cu sungtel ah an la. Etymological English Dictionary zohfeltu Walter William Skeat cu an sungtel a rak si zo fawn ruangah United States le United Kingkom ih English ttong dictionary ropibik pathum ih zohfeltupawl khal an pawlkom sungah an tel ve ti'n an ttang ngam thlang.
1920 kum ah SSB cun kutkaih cabu pakhat, Handbook of Simplified Spelling, a suah. Cafangkom remsaldan kalhmang 25 a um. Cui’ kutkaih cabu cun ‘remsal mi cafangkom hman lanta mi pawl hi a tir ahcun cangantu bulpak in an hman mi a si ih, mi malte lawng in an rak thlun lawk’ tiah a ngan. Cumi cun mipi cu cafangkom kalhmang lam ih ralttha vivo ding in tha a pe. Asinan SSB cu somdawltu sumpai a neih nawn lo ruangah cui’ kum cem zawng ah a hnuk a cat ve. SSB ih hnattuan hlawhtling cak lo tuk kha Andrew Carnegie ih lung a kim thei lo ruangah a si. Carnegie hin cemliam le hlawhtlinnak a mil lo a ti.
Britain lam khal ah Simplified Spelling Society in 1908 ihsin cafangkom relsalnak lam tlang a au thok ih, ngaihventu le somdawltu tampi a nei. A somdawltu lak ih langsar zet pakhat cu Irish miphun thuanthucawn nganthiam le calai fakseltu, 1925 ih Nobel Calai Laksawng dongtu George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) a si. A sumpai khal cafangkom remsalnak ttuanrian ih hman ding in ro a cahtu a si.
1949 kum ah Labour Party ih Tlangsuak Palai (MP) Dr. Mont Follick in cafangkom remsalnak thuhla pakhat cu Senpi/Hnuaita Tlangsuakbu (House of Commons) ah a thehlut. Asinan relkhawm ding a si le si lo vote an khainak ah a duai. 1953 kum ah thehlut theinak canvo remcang pakhat a ngah leh ih, cui ttum ahcun vote 65 ah 53 ngah in a tling. Asinan Bawihrin/Tlunta Tlangsuakbu (House of Lords) lam ih dokalhtu a um ruangah le, Fimzirnak Tlangbawi (Minister of Education) in cafangkom zirnak hrang ah zingzoi hliakhlainak tuahtu ret a si ding ti ih a tiamkam ruangah a thubur cu a hnukkir sal. Dr.Mont Follick cun w le y hi u le i ih thleng lawlaw a duh.
Cui’ ruahmannak ruangah 1961 kum ah Sir James Pitman ih Initial Teaching Alphabet a ra suak. Cafangkom kalhmang nauhakpawl in an thiam lohli theinak ding ih duansuah mi a si ih, Britain ram ih tlawnginn tampi ah hman a si lawk. Himi kalhmang hi amahlawng a si lai ahcun a remcang ve zet, asinan tlawngta nauhakpawl cafangkom kalhmang hlun ih ngan mi ttongfangpawl thawi’ an tonawk tikah a ttangkainak a hlo thluh sal thotho. Cutin kum sawmbi tawkfang a liam hnu cun an cawlhsan sal lala.
1969 ah Australian miphun Harry Lindgren cun Spelling Reform 1 (SR1) timi thubur a suahpi. Awtawi (bet tivek) pawl cu (e) ih ngan ding in thu a bur. Tthimnak ah friend cu frend, head cu hed tivek in. Caan rei lo te ah a thubur cu Australia ram pumpi ih ngaihven a hlawh in a lar zet. Cozah khal in a pompi. Tlangbawi Pi (Prime Minister) Gough Whitlam ih Labor Cozah cun an pompi zet. Asinan Liberal Cozah an hung kai tikah cafangkom kalhmang hlun ah an kir sal lala.
2000 kum hrawng ih cafangkom remsaltu lar zet pakhat cu Masha Bell a si. Hivek lam thuhla cabu pahnih le cahram tampi a ngantu a si ih, radio le TV khal ah sutrawn a si ttheu.
CAFANGKOM REMSAL DUHTU LE DUH-LO-TU
English cafangkom hi remsal a si ahcun zir a ol ding, siarnganthiamnak level (literacy level) a kaisang ol sinsin ding ih, caan, sumpai le thazang khal a heu mal deuh ding tiah remsal a duhtupawl cun an sim.
Remsal a duhtupawl cun cafangkom remsalnak hi nuamtete’n, maltete’n a um ringring cia mi a si an ti. Tthimnak ah music cu 1880 kumpawl tiang ah musick ti ih ngan a rak si; fantasy khal 1920 kumpawl tiang cu phantasy ti ih ngan a rak si. –or in a cem mi ttongfang (error tivek) hmuahhmuah deuhthaw khi –our (errour tivek in) ti ih ngan an rak si dah ih, -er in a cem mi ttongfang (member tivek) hmuahhmuah deuhthaw khi –re (membre tivekin) ngan an rak si dah fawn. American cafangkom ahcun a tamsawn cu –or le – er in ngan an si zo. Asinan British cafangkom ahcun remsal mi cafangkom tthenkhat lawng an thlun hai.
English cafangkom cu kalhmang felfai a um lo ih a hnok ngaingai ti a theitu kan tampi ko ding. English awfang (phoneme) tamsawn cu cafangkomnak ih hman tikah phun dangdang in hman an theih. Theih lar zet mi put, but tivek. Cubang in cafangkom hlawm tampi khal awsuak phunphun an um thei fawn. Tthimnak ah, ough cu through, though, thought, thorough, tough le trough ah a awsuah an bang aw ngaingai ciah lo.
A tlun ih rel zo mi George Bernard Shaw cun English cafangkom ih kalhmang neih mumal lo zia langternak ah 'fish' (nga) khi 'ghoti' tiah a rak ngan hrim dah. A simfiang dan cu - gh ih awsuah khi laugh, enough tivek siar caan ah 'gh' in 'f' aw a suah vek in 'f' aw suahter ding; - 'o' khi women siar caan ih 'o' in 'i' aw a suah vek in ‘i’ aw suahter ding; - 'ti' khi nation, ration tivek siar cang ih 'ti' in 'sh' aw a suahter vek in siar ding ti'n a si. Cuvek ih siar ah cun 'ghoti' khi 'fish' ti'n a suak thei ngaingai.
Hivek ih thil buaithlak a tamtuk ruangah English cafangkom cu zirthiam a har ih thinlung a hnokter. Hivek awsuah thuhla ih buainak hi a awsuahdan ruangih sullam a thleng aw thei mi ttongfangpawl ah a buaithlak hleice. Tthimnak ah bow, desert, live, read, tear, wind, le wound tivek pawl khi a awsuahdan le a kiangkap thuhla (context) ruangih sullam danglam thei mi an si.
Cafangkom kalhmang ttha deuh hman a si ahcun cuvek buainak cu a mal vivo ding ih, ttong khal thiam a ol ding. Raringtei’ tuah a si ahcun suahkeh ttong ih a hmangtu mi pitling zo pawl hrang khal ah phur rit ah a cang tuk lo ding tiah cafangkom remsal a duhtupawl cun an ruat.
Mi tthenkhat cun tluangtlamter mi cafangkom (simplified spelling) hi calai hlun (old literature) san ihsin hman a rak si zo an ti fawn. Tthimnak ah English bezaipu le thuanthucawn ngantu hminthang William Shakespeare (1564-1616) ih thlanlung par ah friend cu frend ti’n ngan a rak si. Hlan ihsi rak hman cia mi a dang pawl lakah against ai ah agenst, yield ai ah yeld, build ai ah bild, court ai ah, cort, stead ai ah sted, delight ai ah delite, entice ai ah entise, ghost ai ah gost, hearth ai ah harth, rhyme ai ah rime, some ai ah sum, tongue ai ah tung tivek le a dang tampi an um. Cun, ‘ed’ thawi’ cem mi ttongfangpawl khal khi ‘t’ aw an suak (tthimnak ah dropt) ahcun ‘t’ thawi’ cafangkom mi khal an rak hmang zo. English bezaipu ropibik tthenkhat rori khal in an rak hmang nasa. Tthimnak ah Edmund Spenser (1552/53-1599) cun The Faerie Queene bezai sau sungah rize, wize, advize tivek a rak hmang zo. Curuangah cafangkom remsalnak hi a um cia ringring an ti.
Cafangkom kalhmang hnok tthenkhat cu anmah English mithiam (scholar) pawl lala ruangah a si. Rel zo bang in Latin le Greek thawi’ naivaiawkter an tumtuk ruangah awn lo cafang (silent letter) an bet mi a si. Asinan English ttongfang tampi cu a bulhrampi ahcun Latin le Greek ih ra an si ko nan, awsuah le cafangkom lam ahcun French ttong ihta an lak mi (tthimnak ah colour le analogue) an si ruangah Latin le Greek ta rori zoh ih tuah cu thil dik a si thluh ce lo (Latin le Greek kha French in an la hmaisa ih English in French ta an cawn sal mi a si ruangah). Cun, himi cahram a thoknak lam ih kan rel zo bang in, ttongfang bulhram lam zoh ih tuah mi cafangkom remsalnak (spelling reform for sake of etymology) hi awsuah zoh ih cafangkom remsalnak (phonetic spelling reform) thawn theih rawi lo ding a si.
ELBUAIAWKNAK
Cafangkom remsalnak tuah a si vete’n mipi lam ihsin dodalnak nasa zet a rak suak. Huvang ngah zet dictionary-pawl a rak tuahtu Samuel Johnson (1709-1784) le Noah Webster (1758-1843) hman kha dodaltu tampi an rak nei.
English ttongfang tamsawn hi Germanic, French, Latin le Greek ttongfangpawl kha a awsuah le cafangkom kalhmang thleng lo ih lak mi, malte lawng thleng mi asilole tam deuh thleng danglam mi tivek an si ruri. Germanic, French, Latin le Greek cafangkom kalhmang cu awfang phunphun le kalhmang phunphun an si hai fawn. Cafangkom kalhmang remsal ding ih thuburtu lakah mitthen cun cumipawl lak ih pakhatkhat thlun lawlaw an duh. Cutikah an thlun nawn lo mi bulhram ttong (source language) ihsi a ra mi mi ttongfang hmuahhmuah hrangah cafangkom thar tuah thluh a ttul ding ih a hautak zet thei. Cun an thlun nawn lo mi ttong ihta an pukcawi mi ttongfang hmuahhmuah ih bulhram hmelhmang a hlo thluh ding.
Cun amah English hi Nitlaklam Germanic ttong phunkhat a si rual in, Germanic ttong a si lo mi (non-Germanic language) tampi hnen ihsin ttongfang a pukcawitu ttong a si lala tikah cafang an komdan in cui' ttongfang ih bulhram a khihhmuh caan tampi a um. Cumi cun a sullam khal a hngetter cuang tiah fakseltu tthenkhat cun an sim. Ttongfang ih awsuah cu a bulhram ihsin a pial hla zet zo a si hman ah a cafangkom kalhmang in a bulhram ttongfang ih awfang (phoneme) le sullam a langter lai.
Tuisan German ttong khal hi hlan lai ih ttongfang awsuah thawn an nai aw zet lai. Curuangah ttongfang bulhram awsuah an langer lai. Curuangah English thawi khaikhinnak tuah tikah ttongfang ih bulhram le a tir ih a awsuah a langter ve. Tthimnak ah light cu German ttong in Licht, knight cu Knecht, ocean cu French ttong in ocean, occasion cu French ttong in occasion tivek an si. Cafangkom remsalnak tuah a si ahcun cuvek ttongfangpawl ih bulhram hmelhmang a hlo ding an ti.
Asinan cafangkom remsaltupawl cun ttongfang bulhram thawi’ an pehzomawknak tthenkhat cu hlo hman sehla ttongfang dang cu theihfiang olsawn ah an cang thei an ti ve. Tthimnak ah Axel Wijk in 1959 kum ih a suah mi Regularized English ahcun height cu hight ti ih thleng a rot. Cuti ih thleng a si ahcun amah thawi’ a pehpar mi ttongfang high thawn an naivai aw sawn ding a ti. Axel Wijk ih Regularised English hi English cafangkom remsalnak thubur lak ih tthabik pakhat a si. (A tthabik lakih langsar dang pakhat cu R.E. Zachrisson ih “Anglic” (1930) a si. Tui ttum ahcun kan tarlang duh nawn lo ding).
Rel zo bang in, English cafangkom tthenkhat, ttpng dang ta an pukcawi mi cu an pukcawi lai ih a ttong neitu in cafang an komdan vek in an lak cih mi a si. Tthimnak ah connoisseur hi French ttongfang an pukcawi mi a si. An pukcawi pek ih French ttong cafangkom dan vek in an lak mi a si ko nan zabi 19 ih French cafangkom remsalnak an tuah tikah French-pawl cun connaisseur tiah an thleng. English cun thleng lo in a hmang lanta. Asinan pukcawi ttongfang ih bulhram ttongfang cafangkom dan lak hi English si lo, ttong dang cafangkom kalhmang ahcun hmuh ding a mal sawn.
Cun a awsuah thlun in cafang kom bang sehla zo ih awphawi kan thlun ding timi ruah a ttul an ti. English ttongfang tthenkhat (tthimnak ah economic, either tivek) cu hmun khat le hmun khat ah a aw an suahter dan a bang aw lo. Cumi ah awsuahdan pakhatkhat kan thlun ahcun a dang pawl kan hnong ah a cang thei an ti. Asinan cafangkom remsaltupawl cun tu ih hman rero mi English cafangkom khal hin thlun hleice mi kuamhuap ttong (dialect) lole awphawi (pronunciation) a nei thotho an ti ve. Cun cafangkom kan rem ruangah a aw kan suahter dan kan rem a si cuang lo an ti fawn. (Himi zawn ahcun phunhnam pumkhatnak a vei-zet-tu Chinese-pawl cun awphawi a tor le seng an neih mi lakih ta Beijing kuamhuap ttong cu tahfung (standard) ah an pom tlang thei.)
Cafangkom remsalnak hi caan rei lo te sung ih tampi tuah ciamco cu a rem lo titu an um fawn. Ttongfang theih rawi a um thei an ti. Tthimnak ah wonder ai ah wunder, wander ai ah wonder hmang bang sehla theih rawi a oltuk ding. Cu bang in device-devise-diveze, warm-worm-wurm le rice-rise-rize tivekpawl ah khuimi hi remsal mi a si ih khuimi hi a hlun a si ti theih a ol lo ding.
Asinan remsaltupawl cun cuvek ih thubuai kan ton ding caan cu rei lo te a si ding ih, kan buai a si hman ah tui kan hman mi cafangkom kalhmang hnoktuk ih in buaiter tluk cun a khungkhai lo ding an ti ve.
Cun fakseltu tthenkhat lala cun ca kan siar tikah a awsuah ruat cop ih siar kan si lo. Hivek cu zir pek lawng ah a si. Ca a thiam-zo-tu tapoh cun ttongfangpawl kha hmuhsaktu(symbol) vek in kan hmu ih kan siar men. Curuangah a awsuah thlun ih cafangkom hi ttul thupi tuk a si hran cuang lo an ti fawn. Cun, English ttong cu ttong lian zet, calai lam ih thleng sang zet a si zo fawn ruangah cafangkom remsal a si ahcun suah zo mi cabu hmuahhmuah rem thluh sal a ttul ding, sutsuah thluh sal a ttul ding ih a cang thei lo ding an ti fawn.
NAIHNIAMDAN KALHMANG
English Cafangkom remsaltupawl ih remsaldan kalhmang hi phun hnih a um. Cumi cu a um cia mi cafangpawl lawng hmang ih remsaldan kalhmang le cafang dang le hminsinnak dang khal bet ih remsaldan kalhmang a si.
A um cia mi cafang ring ih remsaldan kalhmang thubur tuah mi langsar pawl cu Cut Spelling, Handbook of Simplified Spelling, SoundSpel, le Spelling Reform 1 (SR1) an si. Hmuhsaknak ah Cut Spelling thuhla lawng hi vun tarlang sehla.
Cut Spelling cu Chris Upward in a tuah mi cafangkom kalhmang pakhat a si. Cafangkom pakhat sung ih cafang hleifuan (redundant letter) a hlon (cut) vivo mi cafangkom dan a si ruangah Cut Spelling hmin a putnak a si. Simplified Spelling Society khal in 1992 kum ah cabu in a suah. Have ai ah Hav, were ai ah wer, night ai ah nyt, school ai ah scool, friend ai ah frend tivek in a si. Hivek ih cafang hleifuan hlon tikah ttong zir thiam a ol, cangan le casiar caan hi zatek 10% a malter, cabu a luah mal, ca thawn a pehpar mi thil dang ttulsam mi khal a malter tiah Upward cun a sim. (X/J,G/C,K/Q tivekpawl hi English cafang hleifuan an si titu khal an um).
Himi thawi a bang aw mi kalhmang pakhat a um hrih ih Faster Spelling tiah an ko. Cak sinsin ih cafangkom thei ding ruahsan ih tuah mi a si. Ca thiam zo pawl hrangah a tthahnem thei. Tthimnak ah Faster Spelling timi kha Fastr Spelling ti’n simaw, Fastr spelng ti’n simaw cafang kom mi a si. Himi hin English cafangkom dan ih awphei (vowel) hmandan bang aw lo mi 240 kha 48 lawng ah a cangter ding ti a si. Faster Spelling hmangtupawl cun cafangkom hman sual hi ningzah ding a si lo, professor-pawl le journalist-pawl tivek cathiam sang pawl hman in cafangkom hman sual cang an nei thotho an ti.
Cafang dang bet ih remsal dan kalhmang thubur tuah mi langsar pawl cu Deseret alphabet, Initial Teaching Alphabet, Interspel, Romic alphabet, Shavian alphabet (revised version: Quikscript), le Unifon le Benjamin Franklin ih phonetic alphabet pawl an si hai. An bet mi cafangpawl lakah cafangthuah (diagraph) khal an tel: ch, gh, kn-, -ng, ph, qu, sh, th, wh tivekpawl. Cun awsuah hminsinnak (diacritic) khal, a tlangpithu in, an tuah ttheu. Asinan cafang dang bet mi hi cu a um cia mi hmang ih remsalnak tluk cun pompitu a ngah lo.
TTANLATU HMINTHANG TTHENKHAT
Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained tivek bezai hminthang ngantu, English calai khawvel ih Shakespeare sangtu, John Milton (1608-1674) khal hi cafangkom remsalnak ih ttankhawhtu a si.
Royal Society, leitlun ih dengfelphung zirhliakhlainak pawlkom hmaisabik, dintu sungtel (founding member) le sungttuan hmaisabik John Wilkins khal hi cafangkom remsalnak veitu a si ih; American mithiam Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) khal in English cafangkom kalhmang pakhat a rak tuah ve (a tlun ah tarlang zo).
David Copperfield, A Tale of Two Cities, Great Expec-tation tivek, leitlun nunthuleng ropibik cazin lak ih tel cin nunthulengpawl ngantu, British nunthuleng nganthiam hminthang Charles Dickens (1812-1870) khal cafangkom remsalnak veitu a rak si.
Victoria Siangpahrangnui’ san ih English bezaipu ropibik Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892), 1st Baron Tennyson ti ih hminsin ttheu mi, khal hi English Spelling Reform Association timi pawlkim ah hotu-sang (vice-president) a rak ttuan dah. English Spelling Reform Association hi Simplified Spelling Society hramttohnak pawlkom a si.
Cu bang in On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (1859) cabu ngantu, dengfelphung mithiam Charles Darwin (1809-1882) khal English Spelling Reform Association ah hotu-sang a ttuan dah ve.
British ramkheltu (politician), Charles Darwin ih rualpa, John Lubbock (1834-1913), 1st Baron Avebury, khal Spelling Reform Association ah a rak cangvai ve.
Cun, The Time Machine, The War of the Worlds tivek dengfelphung nunthuleng (science fiction) ngantu hminthang H.G.Wells (1866-1946) khal hi London ih Simplified Spelling Society ah hotu-sang a rak ttuan dah ve. (H.G.Wells ih nunthuleng tawi hminthang pakhat The Country of the Blind timi cu Dr. Than Bil Luai in a tawizawng in a let dah; a hmin cu a tarlang lo hmang).
University College London ih awsuahphung (phonetics) professor Daniel Jones khal cafangkom remsalnak ih ttanlatu a si. English awphawi zirnak ih rinsan hlawh zet Received Pronunciation tuah-tu khal a si. Anih hi Danish ttongphungphai mithiam (linguist) Otto Jesperson ih tawlrel mi International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) hlawhtling ding ih somdawltu khal a si.
British ralkap zungbawi (army officer) hminthang, phunpihuap mihuaisen (national hero) Sir Robert Baden-Powell (1857-1941) khal cafangkom remsalnak ih ttanlatu a si ve.
Leitlun nunthuleng hminthangbik pakhat, The Jungle (1906), ngantu American nunthuleng nganthiam Upton Sinclair (1878-1968) khal cafangkom remsalnak lam ah ttan a rak la ve. Charles Galton Darwin, KBE,MC, FRS - Charles Darwin ih tupa, Leitlun Ralbuaipi II lai Britain ram ih National Physical Laboratory (NPL) tirh-hmuhtu (director) khal ral buai lai ih Simplified Spelling Society hotu-sang a si.
Cabu 500 lai ngantu American canganthiam hminthang Isaac Asimov (1920-1992) khal cafangkom remsalnak veitu a si ve fawn.
Cu bang in HRH Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (1921- ), Siangpahrangnu Elizabeth II ih pasal, khal Simplified Spelling Society ih thuron upa a rak ttuan dah ve.
Chicago Tribune thuthangca suahtu Robert R. Mc Cormick (1880-1955) khal cafangkom remsalnak veitu a si ih, a suah mi thuthangca hi remsal mi cafangkom hmangtu lar zet a si.
Zuknung cangtu lar zet Edward Rondthaler (1905-2009), American Literacy Council hotu (chairman) ttuan-dah-tu, khal Spelling Society ih hotu-sang a ttuan dah ve.
University College London ih awsuahphung (phonetics) professor rak ttuan-dah-tu John C. Wells cu tulaifang ih Spelling Society hotu (president) a si.
Simplified Spelling Society ih hotu-sang Valerie Yule, le sibawi Doug Everingham, Australian ramkheltu hlun, Whitlam cozah ih harhdam-naklam tlangbawi, khal cafangkom remsalnak veitu an si.
Sim duh mi cu cafangkom remsalnak hi miropipawl khal in thungaithlak in an rak buaipi, neihsiah sumpai le nihlawh seng in an rak buaipi. Thungaithlak in an buaipi ti langter ding kha a si.
THU NET
Tu ah cun cafangkom remsalnak thuhla cu awmang tawk tal kan thei ngah thlang ding ah ruat a si. Curuangah hmailam kan feh-vivo-nak ding lam tluan ah teh ziangtin kan si ding? Sanphung (history) ah kan hmin a se lam ih tang ding vek in kan cangvai pang maw? Phunhnam duhdawttu taktak maw kan si? Mai' thu a lal theinak ding hawltu men ha kan si? Mai' ttannak vun bansan ding tlawmlaknak men ruangih phunhnam tthansohnak dawnkhamtu teh kan si pang maw?
Kan miphun hrangah a ttha a si ti ih zumnak ruangah lungthiangte’n a ttuantu, a tuahtu cu a tuah mi a hlawhsam (asilole a dik lo) a si hman ah sanphung ah a mualpho zawng ih tarlang a si cuang lo ding. Asinan a tlun ih kan tarlang mi thusuhnakpawl ah kan awktang aw a si ahcun kan cem a si.
Hmarngainak thawn,
Siang Lian Uk Kianghrol
English cafangkom remsalnak vei-hmaisabik-tu cu Orm asilole Ormin timi zabi 12 lai ih mithiam (scholar) pakhat a si ih, Ormulum cabu ngantu a si. Cui’ cabu cu calai manmual a nei tam lo nan ttongphungphai hrang ahcun kutsuak thupi zet a si. Cabu sung ahcun English ttongfang salsualtu an tamtuk mi a ngaih lo ruangah ttongfangpawl cu an awsuah vek in ngan a tum. Cuti ih ngan thei ding in amahte’n kalhmang pakhat khal a tuah cih. Aw tawi le sau khal awtung (consonant) thuah in a langter, cumi a ngahl-nak hmun ah aw tawi kha breve thawn hminsinnak a tuah.
NAWL KHATNAK
English cafangkom remsal ding ih thuburtu hi zabi 16 le 17 ihsin an rak um zo. Mi ropi zetzet an si hai. Siangpahrang Edward VI le Siangpahrangnu Elizabeth I san ih Rampi Sungttuan (Secreatry of State) Sir Thomas Smith in cafangkom rem ding ih thuburnak De recta et emendate linguae angliae scriptione ca cu 1568 kum ah a suah. John Hart in An Orthographie (1569); William Bullokar in Booke at Large for the Amendment of English Orthographie (1580); London ih St. Paul’s Tlawng sayakyi Dr. Alexander Gill in Logonomia Anglica (1621), Wooton St. Lawrence khawbawi Charles Butler in English Grammar (1634) tivekpawl ngan in cafangkom remsalnak tuah ding ah thubur an rak tuah zo.
Asinan ngaihsak an rak hlawh tuk lo. A tthenkhat cu awluanphung (phonology) theifiang ngaingai lo ih ngan mi khal an si fawn. Cafangkom remsal ding ih thubur tuah mi ah tidan hlun naih deuh thubur khi cohlan an hlawh deuh a bang. Tthimnak ah James Howell in a cabu Grammar (1662) sung ah cafangkom tthenkhat thleng deuh ding ih thu a rak bur mi cu tuini ahcun hman hnget an si zo. A tthenkhat cu logique kha logic ah, warre kha war ah, sinne kha sin ah, toune kha town tivekpawl an si.
Zabi 16 hnulam cun Greek le Latin calai ih mithiam cangantu tampi in English cafangkom kalhmang cu Graeco-Latin thawi’ naivai ding in an tuah lala. Greek le Latin cafangkom (English ttongfang tampi cu Greek le Latin in an ra) le English cafangkom an naiawk theinak dingah awn lo cafang (silent letter) an bet. Cutin det cu debt (Latin ttongfang debitum thawi’ naivai aw ding in), dout cu doubt (Latin dubitare thawi’ naivai aw ding in), sissors cu scissors ah le sithe cu scythe ah (Latin scindere ihsi ra si hmang ti ih an ruat sual ruangah), iland cu island (Latin insula ihsi ra ah an ruat sual ruangah), ake cu ache (Greek akhos ihsi ra ih an ruat sual ruangah) tivek in an rak thleng ih, tuini tiang in run hman lanta mi an tam zet.
NAWL HNIHNAK
Cafangkom remsalnak nawl hnihnak cu zabi 19 ah a thawk ih dengfelphung ziarang (scientific) thawi’ awsuahphung (phonetics) a tthansoh thok pek thawn an deng aw fawn. Noah Webster in 1806 kum ah a dictionary hmaisabik A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language a suah. Cumi sungah amai’ san lai ih English cafangkom kalhmang duhthu a sam lo zia pawl tarlangnak essay pakhat khal a telh ih rem a duhdan khal a telh cih. A thubur mi tthenkhat; colour ai ih color, centre ai ih center hman ding thubur tivek cu American English ih danglamnak kengkawhtu dinhmun tiang thleng khop in a hlawhtling. Webster hin 1828 ah An American Dictionary of the English Language a suah. Himi ah thuburnak a tuah mi cafangkom kalhmangpawl kha a hmang cih. Dokalhtu tthenkhat an um nan US ahcun nuamtete’n cohlan a rung si vivo.
1837 ah Sir Isaac Pitman (1813-1897) in Phonetic Shorthand timi cafangkom kalhmang thar thuburnak tuah mi ca a suah ve. Himi thubur hi cu kutngantawi (stenography) ah an hmang ih lamzin dang cun a hlawhtling thawkhat ah a cang. A hmin khal Pitman Shorthand an ti. 1848 kum ah Alexander John Ellis in awsuah thlun cafangkom kalhmang tuah ding ih dilnak A Plea for Phonetic Spelling a suah ve. An pahnih in cafangkom kalhmang ngaingai ahcun an hlawhtling lo nan ngaihven an rak hlawh zet.
1870 kum luan hrawng ihsi cun Great Britain le America ih cangandan le calai veitupawl in cafangkom kalhmang hi thupi zet ah an ret thlang. 1876 kum August thla ah khan Philadelphia khawpi ah International Convention for the Amendment of English Orthography an tuah. Cumi ih rahsuah ah English Spelling Reform Association le American Spelling Reform Association a ding. Cumi kum thotho ah American Philological Society cun ttongfang 11 cafangkom dan cu rem ding in thubur an tuah. An rem duh mi pawl cu: are - ar, give - giv, have - hav, live - liv, though - tho, through - thru, guard - gard, catalogue- catalog, (in)definite - (in)definit, wished – wisht tivekpawl an si hai.
Rem sal mi cafangkom hmang hmaisabik thuthangca langsar cu Chicago Tribune a si. Chicago Tribune thuthangca zohfeltu Joseph Medill hi Council of the Spelling Reform Association ah a tel ve ruang khal ah a si. 1883 ah American Philological Society le American Philological Association ttang tlang in cafangkom remsalnak kalhmang (spelling reform rule) 24 an tuah ih a cabu in an suah. 1898 kum ah American National Education Association cun cafangkom remsal mi 12 cu amai’ bulpak in a tuah ih a nemhnget. Cumipawl cu: tho, altho, thoro, thorofare, thru, thruout, catalog, decalog, demagog, pedagog, prolog, program ti pawl an si.
1934 le 1975 karlak ah Chicago khawpi ih thuthangca hlawhtlingbik Chicago Tribune cun remsal mi cafangkom tamzet a hmang. 1934 kum tir thla hnih sungah a khattawk ih an hman hnu ah, cafangkom remsal mi 80 cu mipi hnen ah a tarlang. Cupawl lakah tho, thru, thoro, burocrat, frate, harth, iland, rime, staf le telegraf pawl khal an tel. 1934 March thla ih thuthangca editorial (zohfeltui’ ca) ah casiartu tthen thum ih tthen hnih cun remsal mi cafangkom an duhsawn tiah an ngan. Asinan a lehhnu kum 40 sung ah remsal mi cafangkom a hman mi cu nuamtete’n a mal vivo ih a riaral.
ZABI 20 LE A HNULAM
United States ah Simplified Spelling Board cu 1906, March 11 ah a ding thok. A din-thok-tu sungtel 30 cu canganthiam, professor le dictionary zohfeltu tivekpawl an si. Cupawl lakah Supreme Court Justice (Thutthenzung Sangbik ih Thutthentu) David Josiah Brewer, Columbia Phunsangtlawng hotu Nicholas Murray Butler, Dewey Decimal Classification (calaibuuk ih cabu phun tthendan kalhmang) tuahsuaktu Dr. Melvil Dewey (a hmin khal khi amahte’n Melville ihsin Melvil ti ih a thleng mi a si), The Standard Dictionary ih zohfeltu (editor) Dr. Isaac K. Funk, United States Sumpaizung Sungttuan (Secretary of the Treasury) Lyman J. Gage, United States Fimzirnak Mangkibawi (Commissioner of Education) William Torrey Harris (1909 ih suah mi Webster’s New International Dictionary ih zohfeltu-lu-bik khal a si), cabu suahtu hminthang Henry Holt, professor Calvin Thomas, canganthiam Mark Twain tivek mi ropi zetzet khal an tel. Canganthiam hminthang le U.S ih thuanthucawn calai (dramatic literature) professor hmaisabik Brander Matthews cu hotu ah hril a si.l
Dintu sungtel (founding member) Andrew Carnegie in SSB cu kum khat ah US$ 15,000 (tuisan dollar cun 350,000 lenglo) in a bawm. Amai’ neihsiah sumpai rori suah ih a bom mi a si. 1906, April 1 ah cafangkom remsal hmaisatbik mi ttongfang 300 (the first 300 words) an suah. Cumi lak ih ttongfang 157 cu American English ahcun hman tam zo mi an si.
A tambik in –ed ih cem mi ttongfang kha –t ih cemter (addressed, caressed, missed, possessed tivek kha addresst, carest, mist, possest tivek ih thleng); awn lo cafang (silent letter) hlon (catalogue kha catalog ah), -re ih cemmi kha –er ah (calibre, sabre tivek kha caliber, saber ti’n); “ough” kha “o” ah (altho, tho, thoro tivek in); le a hlan ih “s” an rak hmannak ah “z” aw a suah ahcun “z” ih thleng (brasen, surprise tivek kha brazen, surprize ti’n) tivek an si. Cafang-thuah (diagraph) khal hlon an duh- anaemia kha anemia ah, anaesthesia kha anesthesia, archaeology kha archeology, encyclopaedia kha encyclopedia, orthopaedic kha orthopedic tivek in.
1906, August thla ah SSB ih cafangkom thubur cu US Ramhotu 26-nak Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) in a cohlang ih Cozah Casutnak Zung (Govenrment Printing Office) cu cui’ cafangkom kalhmang hmang lohli ding in thu a pe. Asinan cumi kum thotho December thla ah U.S. Tlangsuakbu (Congress) cun cafangkom kalhmang hlun hman theinak thusuah a nemhnget lala. Asinan cafangkom tthenkhat cu hman lanta mi an um. Anaemia cu anemia ah, mould cu mold ah tivek in. Asinan mixed kha mixt ah, scythe kha sithe ah tivek ih remsal mi cu hman an si nawn lo.
British thuthangcapawl ih soiselnak ruangah, SSB cun Scottish dictionary tuahtu le Oxford English Dictionary ih zohfeltu James Murray le Oxford Phunsangtlawng ih comparative philology professor le English Dialect Dictionary zohfeltu Joseph Wright cu sungtel ah an la. Etymological English Dictionary zohfeltu Walter William Skeat cu an sungtel a rak si zo fawn ruangah United States le United Kingkom ih English ttong dictionary ropibik pathum ih zohfeltupawl khal an pawlkom sungah an tel ve ti'n an ttang ngam thlang.
1920 kum ah SSB cun kutkaih cabu pakhat, Handbook of Simplified Spelling, a suah. Cafangkom remsaldan kalhmang 25 a um. Cui’ kutkaih cabu cun ‘remsal mi cafangkom hman lanta mi pawl hi a tir ahcun cangantu bulpak in an hman mi a si ih, mi malte lawng in an rak thlun lawk’ tiah a ngan. Cumi cun mipi cu cafangkom kalhmang lam ih ralttha vivo ding in tha a pe. Asinan SSB cu somdawltu sumpai a neih nawn lo ruangah cui’ kum cem zawng ah a hnuk a cat ve. SSB ih hnattuan hlawhtling cak lo tuk kha Andrew Carnegie ih lung a kim thei lo ruangah a si. Carnegie hin cemliam le hlawhtlinnak a mil lo a ti.
Britain lam khal ah Simplified Spelling Society in 1908 ihsin cafangkom relsalnak lam tlang a au thok ih, ngaihventu le somdawltu tampi a nei. A somdawltu lak ih langsar zet pakhat cu Irish miphun thuanthucawn nganthiam le calai fakseltu, 1925 ih Nobel Calai Laksawng dongtu George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) a si. A sumpai khal cafangkom remsalnak ttuanrian ih hman ding in ro a cahtu a si.
1949 kum ah Labour Party ih Tlangsuak Palai (MP) Dr. Mont Follick in cafangkom remsalnak thuhla pakhat cu Senpi/Hnuaita Tlangsuakbu (House of Commons) ah a thehlut. Asinan relkhawm ding a si le si lo vote an khainak ah a duai. 1953 kum ah thehlut theinak canvo remcang pakhat a ngah leh ih, cui ttum ahcun vote 65 ah 53 ngah in a tling. Asinan Bawihrin/Tlunta Tlangsuakbu (House of Lords) lam ih dokalhtu a um ruangah le, Fimzirnak Tlangbawi (Minister of Education) in cafangkom zirnak hrang ah zingzoi hliakhlainak tuahtu ret a si ding ti ih a tiamkam ruangah a thubur cu a hnukkir sal. Dr.Mont Follick cun w le y hi u le i ih thleng lawlaw a duh.
Cui’ ruahmannak ruangah 1961 kum ah Sir James Pitman ih Initial Teaching Alphabet a ra suak. Cafangkom kalhmang nauhakpawl in an thiam lohli theinak ding ih duansuah mi a si ih, Britain ram ih tlawnginn tampi ah hman a si lawk. Himi kalhmang hi amahlawng a si lai ahcun a remcang ve zet, asinan tlawngta nauhakpawl cafangkom kalhmang hlun ih ngan mi ttongfangpawl thawi’ an tonawk tikah a ttangkainak a hlo thluh sal thotho. Cutin kum sawmbi tawkfang a liam hnu cun an cawlhsan sal lala.
1969 ah Australian miphun Harry Lindgren cun Spelling Reform 1 (SR1) timi thubur a suahpi. Awtawi (bet tivek) pawl cu (e) ih ngan ding in thu a bur. Tthimnak ah friend cu frend, head cu hed tivek in. Caan rei lo te ah a thubur cu Australia ram pumpi ih ngaihven a hlawh in a lar zet. Cozah khal in a pompi. Tlangbawi Pi (Prime Minister) Gough Whitlam ih Labor Cozah cun an pompi zet. Asinan Liberal Cozah an hung kai tikah cafangkom kalhmang hlun ah an kir sal lala.
2000 kum hrawng ih cafangkom remsaltu lar zet pakhat cu Masha Bell a si. Hivek lam thuhla cabu pahnih le cahram tampi a ngantu a si ih, radio le TV khal ah sutrawn a si ttheu.
CAFANGKOM REMSAL DUHTU LE DUH-LO-TU
English cafangkom hi remsal a si ahcun zir a ol ding, siarnganthiamnak level (literacy level) a kaisang ol sinsin ding ih, caan, sumpai le thazang khal a heu mal deuh ding tiah remsal a duhtupawl cun an sim.
Remsal a duhtupawl cun cafangkom remsalnak hi nuamtete’n, maltete’n a um ringring cia mi a si an ti. Tthimnak ah music cu 1880 kumpawl tiang ah musick ti ih ngan a rak si; fantasy khal 1920 kumpawl tiang cu phantasy ti ih ngan a rak si. –or in a cem mi ttongfang (error tivek) hmuahhmuah deuhthaw khi –our (errour tivek in) ti ih ngan an rak si dah ih, -er in a cem mi ttongfang (member tivek) hmuahhmuah deuhthaw khi –re (membre tivekin) ngan an rak si dah fawn. American cafangkom ahcun a tamsawn cu –or le – er in ngan an si zo. Asinan British cafangkom ahcun remsal mi cafangkom tthenkhat lawng an thlun hai.
English cafangkom cu kalhmang felfai a um lo ih a hnok ngaingai ti a theitu kan tampi ko ding. English awfang (phoneme) tamsawn cu cafangkomnak ih hman tikah phun dangdang in hman an theih. Theih lar zet mi put, but tivek. Cubang in cafangkom hlawm tampi khal awsuak phunphun an um thei fawn. Tthimnak ah, ough cu through, though, thought, thorough, tough le trough ah a awsuah an bang aw ngaingai ciah lo.
A tlun ih rel zo mi George Bernard Shaw cun English cafangkom ih kalhmang neih mumal lo zia langternak ah 'fish' (nga) khi 'ghoti' tiah a rak ngan hrim dah. A simfiang dan cu - gh ih awsuah khi laugh, enough tivek siar caan ah 'gh' in 'f' aw a suah vek in 'f' aw suahter ding; - 'o' khi women siar caan ih 'o' in 'i' aw a suah vek in ‘i’ aw suahter ding; - 'ti' khi nation, ration tivek siar cang ih 'ti' in 'sh' aw a suahter vek in siar ding ti'n a si. Cuvek ih siar ah cun 'ghoti' khi 'fish' ti'n a suak thei ngaingai.
Hivek ih thil buaithlak a tamtuk ruangah English cafangkom cu zirthiam a har ih thinlung a hnokter. Hivek awsuah thuhla ih buainak hi a awsuahdan ruangih sullam a thleng aw thei mi ttongfangpawl ah a buaithlak hleice. Tthimnak ah bow, desert, live, read, tear, wind, le wound tivek pawl khi a awsuahdan le a kiangkap thuhla (context) ruangih sullam danglam thei mi an si.
Cafangkom kalhmang ttha deuh hman a si ahcun cuvek buainak cu a mal vivo ding ih, ttong khal thiam a ol ding. Raringtei’ tuah a si ahcun suahkeh ttong ih a hmangtu mi pitling zo pawl hrang khal ah phur rit ah a cang tuk lo ding tiah cafangkom remsal a duhtupawl cun an ruat.
Mi tthenkhat cun tluangtlamter mi cafangkom (simplified spelling) hi calai hlun (old literature) san ihsin hman a rak si zo an ti fawn. Tthimnak ah English bezaipu le thuanthucawn ngantu hminthang William Shakespeare (1564-1616) ih thlanlung par ah friend cu frend ti’n ngan a rak si. Hlan ihsi rak hman cia mi a dang pawl lakah against ai ah agenst, yield ai ah yeld, build ai ah bild, court ai ah, cort, stead ai ah sted, delight ai ah delite, entice ai ah entise, ghost ai ah gost, hearth ai ah harth, rhyme ai ah rime, some ai ah sum, tongue ai ah tung tivek le a dang tampi an um. Cun, ‘ed’ thawi’ cem mi ttongfangpawl khal khi ‘t’ aw an suak (tthimnak ah dropt) ahcun ‘t’ thawi’ cafangkom mi khal an rak hmang zo. English bezaipu ropibik tthenkhat rori khal in an rak hmang nasa. Tthimnak ah Edmund Spenser (1552/53-1599) cun The Faerie Queene bezai sau sungah rize, wize, advize tivek a rak hmang zo. Curuangah cafangkom remsalnak hi a um cia ringring an ti.
Cafangkom kalhmang hnok tthenkhat cu anmah English mithiam (scholar) pawl lala ruangah a si. Rel zo bang in Latin le Greek thawi’ naivaiawkter an tumtuk ruangah awn lo cafang (silent letter) an bet mi a si. Asinan English ttongfang tampi cu a bulhrampi ahcun Latin le Greek ih ra an si ko nan, awsuah le cafangkom lam ahcun French ttong ihta an lak mi (tthimnak ah colour le analogue) an si ruangah Latin le Greek ta rori zoh ih tuah cu thil dik a si thluh ce lo (Latin le Greek kha French in an la hmaisa ih English in French ta an cawn sal mi a si ruangah). Cun, himi cahram a thoknak lam ih kan rel zo bang in, ttongfang bulhram lam zoh ih tuah mi cafangkom remsalnak (spelling reform for sake of etymology) hi awsuah zoh ih cafangkom remsalnak (phonetic spelling reform) thawn theih rawi lo ding a si.
ELBUAIAWKNAK
Cafangkom remsalnak tuah a si vete’n mipi lam ihsin dodalnak nasa zet a rak suak. Huvang ngah zet dictionary-pawl a rak tuahtu Samuel Johnson (1709-1784) le Noah Webster (1758-1843) hman kha dodaltu tampi an rak nei.
English ttongfang tamsawn hi Germanic, French, Latin le Greek ttongfangpawl kha a awsuah le cafangkom kalhmang thleng lo ih lak mi, malte lawng thleng mi asilole tam deuh thleng danglam mi tivek an si ruri. Germanic, French, Latin le Greek cafangkom kalhmang cu awfang phunphun le kalhmang phunphun an si hai fawn. Cafangkom kalhmang remsal ding ih thuburtu lakah mitthen cun cumipawl lak ih pakhatkhat thlun lawlaw an duh. Cutikah an thlun nawn lo mi bulhram ttong (source language) ihsi a ra mi mi ttongfang hmuahhmuah hrangah cafangkom thar tuah thluh a ttul ding ih a hautak zet thei. Cun an thlun nawn lo mi ttong ihta an pukcawi mi ttongfang hmuahhmuah ih bulhram hmelhmang a hlo thluh ding.
Cun amah English hi Nitlaklam Germanic ttong phunkhat a si rual in, Germanic ttong a si lo mi (non-Germanic language) tampi hnen ihsin ttongfang a pukcawitu ttong a si lala tikah cafang an komdan in cui' ttongfang ih bulhram a khihhmuh caan tampi a um. Cumi cun a sullam khal a hngetter cuang tiah fakseltu tthenkhat cun an sim. Ttongfang ih awsuah cu a bulhram ihsin a pial hla zet zo a si hman ah a cafangkom kalhmang in a bulhram ttongfang ih awfang (phoneme) le sullam a langter lai.
Tuisan German ttong khal hi hlan lai ih ttongfang awsuah thawn an nai aw zet lai. Curuangah ttongfang bulhram awsuah an langer lai. Curuangah English thawi khaikhinnak tuah tikah ttongfang ih bulhram le a tir ih a awsuah a langter ve. Tthimnak ah light cu German ttong in Licht, knight cu Knecht, ocean cu French ttong in ocean, occasion cu French ttong in occasion tivek an si. Cafangkom remsalnak tuah a si ahcun cuvek ttongfangpawl ih bulhram hmelhmang a hlo ding an ti.
Asinan cafangkom remsaltupawl cun ttongfang bulhram thawi’ an pehzomawknak tthenkhat cu hlo hman sehla ttongfang dang cu theihfiang olsawn ah an cang thei an ti ve. Tthimnak ah Axel Wijk in 1959 kum ih a suah mi Regularized English ahcun height cu hight ti ih thleng a rot. Cuti ih thleng a si ahcun amah thawi’ a pehpar mi ttongfang high thawn an naivai aw sawn ding a ti. Axel Wijk ih Regularised English hi English cafangkom remsalnak thubur lak ih tthabik pakhat a si. (A tthabik lakih langsar dang pakhat cu R.E. Zachrisson ih “Anglic” (1930) a si. Tui ttum ahcun kan tarlang duh nawn lo ding).
Rel zo bang in, English cafangkom tthenkhat, ttpng dang ta an pukcawi mi cu an pukcawi lai ih a ttong neitu in cafang an komdan vek in an lak cih mi a si. Tthimnak ah connoisseur hi French ttongfang an pukcawi mi a si. An pukcawi pek ih French ttong cafangkom dan vek in an lak mi a si ko nan zabi 19 ih French cafangkom remsalnak an tuah tikah French-pawl cun connaisseur tiah an thleng. English cun thleng lo in a hmang lanta. Asinan pukcawi ttongfang ih bulhram ttongfang cafangkom dan lak hi English si lo, ttong dang cafangkom kalhmang ahcun hmuh ding a mal sawn.
Cun a awsuah thlun in cafang kom bang sehla zo ih awphawi kan thlun ding timi ruah a ttul an ti. English ttongfang tthenkhat (tthimnak ah economic, either tivek) cu hmun khat le hmun khat ah a aw an suahter dan a bang aw lo. Cumi ah awsuahdan pakhatkhat kan thlun ahcun a dang pawl kan hnong ah a cang thei an ti. Asinan cafangkom remsaltupawl cun tu ih hman rero mi English cafangkom khal hin thlun hleice mi kuamhuap ttong (dialect) lole awphawi (pronunciation) a nei thotho an ti ve. Cun cafangkom kan rem ruangah a aw kan suahter dan kan rem a si cuang lo an ti fawn. (Himi zawn ahcun phunhnam pumkhatnak a vei-zet-tu Chinese-pawl cun awphawi a tor le seng an neih mi lakih ta Beijing kuamhuap ttong cu tahfung (standard) ah an pom tlang thei.)
Cafangkom remsalnak hi caan rei lo te sung ih tampi tuah ciamco cu a rem lo titu an um fawn. Ttongfang theih rawi a um thei an ti. Tthimnak ah wonder ai ah wunder, wander ai ah wonder hmang bang sehla theih rawi a oltuk ding. Cu bang in device-devise-diveze, warm-worm-wurm le rice-rise-rize tivekpawl ah khuimi hi remsal mi a si ih khuimi hi a hlun a si ti theih a ol lo ding.
Asinan remsaltupawl cun cuvek ih thubuai kan ton ding caan cu rei lo te a si ding ih, kan buai a si hman ah tui kan hman mi cafangkom kalhmang hnoktuk ih in buaiter tluk cun a khungkhai lo ding an ti ve.
Cun fakseltu tthenkhat lala cun ca kan siar tikah a awsuah ruat cop ih siar kan si lo. Hivek cu zir pek lawng ah a si. Ca a thiam-zo-tu tapoh cun ttongfangpawl kha hmuhsaktu(symbol) vek in kan hmu ih kan siar men. Curuangah a awsuah thlun ih cafangkom hi ttul thupi tuk a si hran cuang lo an ti fawn. Cun, English ttong cu ttong lian zet, calai lam ih thleng sang zet a si zo fawn ruangah cafangkom remsal a si ahcun suah zo mi cabu hmuahhmuah rem thluh sal a ttul ding, sutsuah thluh sal a ttul ding ih a cang thei lo ding an ti fawn.
NAIHNIAMDAN KALHMANG
English Cafangkom remsaltupawl ih remsaldan kalhmang hi phun hnih a um. Cumi cu a um cia mi cafangpawl lawng hmang ih remsaldan kalhmang le cafang dang le hminsinnak dang khal bet ih remsaldan kalhmang a si.
A um cia mi cafang ring ih remsaldan kalhmang thubur tuah mi langsar pawl cu Cut Spelling, Handbook of Simplified Spelling, SoundSpel, le Spelling Reform 1 (SR1) an si. Hmuhsaknak ah Cut Spelling thuhla lawng hi vun tarlang sehla.
Cut Spelling cu Chris Upward in a tuah mi cafangkom kalhmang pakhat a si. Cafangkom pakhat sung ih cafang hleifuan (redundant letter) a hlon (cut) vivo mi cafangkom dan a si ruangah Cut Spelling hmin a putnak a si. Simplified Spelling Society khal in 1992 kum ah cabu in a suah. Have ai ah Hav, were ai ah wer, night ai ah nyt, school ai ah scool, friend ai ah frend tivek in a si. Hivek ih cafang hleifuan hlon tikah ttong zir thiam a ol, cangan le casiar caan hi zatek 10% a malter, cabu a luah mal, ca thawn a pehpar mi thil dang ttulsam mi khal a malter tiah Upward cun a sim. (X/J,G/C,K/Q tivekpawl hi English cafang hleifuan an si titu khal an um).
Himi thawi a bang aw mi kalhmang pakhat a um hrih ih Faster Spelling tiah an ko. Cak sinsin ih cafangkom thei ding ruahsan ih tuah mi a si. Ca thiam zo pawl hrangah a tthahnem thei. Tthimnak ah Faster Spelling timi kha Fastr Spelling ti’n simaw, Fastr spelng ti’n simaw cafang kom mi a si. Himi hin English cafangkom dan ih awphei (vowel) hmandan bang aw lo mi 240 kha 48 lawng ah a cangter ding ti a si. Faster Spelling hmangtupawl cun cafangkom hman sual hi ningzah ding a si lo, professor-pawl le journalist-pawl tivek cathiam sang pawl hman in cafangkom hman sual cang an nei thotho an ti.
Cafang dang bet ih remsal dan kalhmang thubur tuah mi langsar pawl cu Deseret alphabet, Initial Teaching Alphabet, Interspel, Romic alphabet, Shavian alphabet (revised version: Quikscript), le Unifon le Benjamin Franklin ih phonetic alphabet pawl an si hai. An bet mi cafangpawl lakah cafangthuah (diagraph) khal an tel: ch, gh, kn-, -ng, ph, qu, sh, th, wh tivekpawl. Cun awsuah hminsinnak (diacritic) khal, a tlangpithu in, an tuah ttheu. Asinan cafang dang bet mi hi cu a um cia mi hmang ih remsalnak tluk cun pompitu a ngah lo.
TTANLATU HMINTHANG TTHENKHAT
Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained tivek bezai hminthang ngantu, English calai khawvel ih Shakespeare sangtu, John Milton (1608-1674) khal hi cafangkom remsalnak ih ttankhawhtu a si.
Royal Society, leitlun ih dengfelphung zirhliakhlainak pawlkom hmaisabik, dintu sungtel (founding member) le sungttuan hmaisabik John Wilkins khal hi cafangkom remsalnak veitu a si ih; American mithiam Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) khal in English cafangkom kalhmang pakhat a rak tuah ve (a tlun ah tarlang zo).
David Copperfield, A Tale of Two Cities, Great Expec-tation tivek, leitlun nunthuleng ropibik cazin lak ih tel cin nunthulengpawl ngantu, British nunthuleng nganthiam hminthang Charles Dickens (1812-1870) khal cafangkom remsalnak veitu a rak si.
Victoria Siangpahrangnui’ san ih English bezaipu ropibik Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892), 1st Baron Tennyson ti ih hminsin ttheu mi, khal hi English Spelling Reform Association timi pawlkim ah hotu-sang (vice-president) a rak ttuan dah. English Spelling Reform Association hi Simplified Spelling Society hramttohnak pawlkom a si.
Cu bang in On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (1859) cabu ngantu, dengfelphung mithiam Charles Darwin (1809-1882) khal English Spelling Reform Association ah hotu-sang a ttuan dah ve.
British ramkheltu (politician), Charles Darwin ih rualpa, John Lubbock (1834-1913), 1st Baron Avebury, khal Spelling Reform Association ah a rak cangvai ve.
Cun, The Time Machine, The War of the Worlds tivek dengfelphung nunthuleng (science fiction) ngantu hminthang H.G.Wells (1866-1946) khal hi London ih Simplified Spelling Society ah hotu-sang a rak ttuan dah ve. (H.G.Wells ih nunthuleng tawi hminthang pakhat The Country of the Blind timi cu Dr. Than Bil Luai in a tawizawng in a let dah; a hmin cu a tarlang lo hmang).
University College London ih awsuahphung (phonetics) professor Daniel Jones khal cafangkom remsalnak ih ttanlatu a si. English awphawi zirnak ih rinsan hlawh zet Received Pronunciation tuah-tu khal a si. Anih hi Danish ttongphungphai mithiam (linguist) Otto Jesperson ih tawlrel mi International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) hlawhtling ding ih somdawltu khal a si.
British ralkap zungbawi (army officer) hminthang, phunpihuap mihuaisen (national hero) Sir Robert Baden-Powell (1857-1941) khal cafangkom remsalnak ih ttanlatu a si ve.
Leitlun nunthuleng hminthangbik pakhat, The Jungle (1906), ngantu American nunthuleng nganthiam Upton Sinclair (1878-1968) khal cafangkom remsalnak lam ah ttan a rak la ve. Charles Galton Darwin, KBE,MC, FRS - Charles Darwin ih tupa, Leitlun Ralbuaipi II lai Britain ram ih National Physical Laboratory (NPL) tirh-hmuhtu (director) khal ral buai lai ih Simplified Spelling Society hotu-sang a si.
Cabu 500 lai ngantu American canganthiam hminthang Isaac Asimov (1920-1992) khal cafangkom remsalnak veitu a si ve fawn.
Cu bang in HRH Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (1921- ), Siangpahrangnu Elizabeth II ih pasal, khal Simplified Spelling Society ih thuron upa a rak ttuan dah ve.
Chicago Tribune thuthangca suahtu Robert R. Mc Cormick (1880-1955) khal cafangkom remsalnak veitu a si ih, a suah mi thuthangca hi remsal mi cafangkom hmangtu lar zet a si.
Zuknung cangtu lar zet Edward Rondthaler (1905-2009), American Literacy Council hotu (chairman) ttuan-dah-tu, khal Spelling Society ih hotu-sang a ttuan dah ve.
University College London ih awsuahphung (phonetics) professor rak ttuan-dah-tu John C. Wells cu tulaifang ih Spelling Society hotu (president) a si.
Simplified Spelling Society ih hotu-sang Valerie Yule, le sibawi Doug Everingham, Australian ramkheltu hlun, Whitlam cozah ih harhdam-naklam tlangbawi, khal cafangkom remsalnak veitu an si.
Sim duh mi cu cafangkom remsalnak hi miropipawl khal in thungaithlak in an rak buaipi, neihsiah sumpai le nihlawh seng in an rak buaipi. Thungaithlak in an buaipi ti langter ding kha a si.
THU NET
Tu ah cun cafangkom remsalnak thuhla cu awmang tawk tal kan thei ngah thlang ding ah ruat a si. Curuangah hmailam kan feh-vivo-nak ding lam tluan ah teh ziangtin kan si ding? Sanphung (history) ah kan hmin a se lam ih tang ding vek in kan cangvai pang maw? Phunhnam duhdawttu taktak maw kan si? Mai' thu a lal theinak ding hawltu men ha kan si? Mai' ttannak vun bansan ding tlawmlaknak men ruangih phunhnam tthansohnak dawnkhamtu teh kan si pang maw?
Kan miphun hrangah a ttha a si ti ih zumnak ruangah lungthiangte’n a ttuantu, a tuahtu cu a tuah mi a hlawhsam (asilole a dik lo) a si hman ah sanphung ah a mualpho zawng ih tarlang a si cuang lo ding. Asinan a tlun ih kan tarlang mi thusuhnakpawl ah kan awktang aw a si ahcun kan cem a si.
Hmarngainak thawn,
Siang Lian Uk Kianghrol
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