Cafangkom remsalnak (spelling reform) hi phunhnam picang le tthangso
pawl siseh, phunhnam tenau le tthangso lo pawl khal in siseh,
canganphung (orthography) a neitupawl cun a tam le mal in an buaipi
ttheu mi a si. Kannih Chinmi khal hin kan buaipi ve nasa. Mipi zaran cun
cafangkom remsalnak ti hnak in ‘o le aw thubuai’ tiah kan rel tlangpi.
Mitthen cun ‘calai buainak’ tla an ti. Asinan Literature khi ‘Calai’ ti
ih hmangtu hrang ahcun calai buainak cu a si lo ding. Canganphung
buainak asilole cangandan kalhmang buainak ti sehla a fuh sawn ding a
bang.
Tui ttum ah khatlam khatlam hmuhdan a kauh vivo theinak
ding ruahsan in phunhnam tthangso le picang deuh pawl ih cafangkom
remsalnak rak tuahdan tarlang a si
Burma Research Society
(ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံသုေတသနအသင္း) timi pawlkom cu March 29, 1910 ah rak din
thok a si. Himi pawlkom hi lehhnu ih ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံဘာသာျပန္စာေပအသင္း
Din ding ih rak polsuaktu cu J.S. Furnivall (1878-1960) a
si ih 1908 kum ah a rak ruat thok. Pawlkom hruaitu khal a tamsawn cu ram
dang mi an si hai. Asinan Kawlram mi khal tam zet an tel ve. Journal an
suah ih thuhla phunphun; Kawlram nunphung le calai hrang ih thupi
zetzet a suahpi. Ngaihsak tong lo le ngainep tongtu Kawlram nunphung le
calai cu ngaihsak tong sal ding in, ngaisan si sal ding in an somso.
Asinan an fehnak lamzin ah harsatnak khal tampi an tong ve. Cui’
harsatnak lak ih pakhat cu cafangkom remsalnak thubuai a si.
Kawl calaipawl a cabu ih suah ding in cui pawlkom cun a tawlrel. A
hmaisabik Devakumban timi thuanthucawn cabu an suah tum. Asinan
cafangkom thu ih an buai ruangah suah lohli thei lo in an um.
Ziangtintile ဦးဖုိးစိန္ timi mi upa pakhat cu bahkung (ဘ) ai-ah
phah-u-tthuk (ဖ) kan hmang thluh lawlaw ding ti’n a ttang.
A
ttansan hi Kawl canganphung (orthography) vun hliakhlai ve tik ahcun
thil cang thei pakhat khal a si ve. Canganphung felfai an rak neih hlan a
si cu thu khat, tuini tiang khal ah အဖုိး၊ အဘုိး၊ အဖြား၊ အဘြား၊ အဖ၊ အဘ၊
တန္ဖုိး၊ တန္ဘုိး tivek le ttongfang dangdang khal ah bahkung (ဘ) le
phah-u-tthuk (ဖ) hi hman rawi a si cang tampi a um lai. ဦးဖုိးစိန္ hin
tican bang aw fawn, a ngandan dangter hnuaihni hi အအul in a thei lo a si
hmang.
ဦးဖုိးစိန္ cun phah-u-tthuk thawi’ cafang nan kom lo
asile cabu kan suah lo ding a ti. Cun, upa dang pakhat ၀န္ေထာက္မင္း
ပုဂံဦးတင္ timi khal in nauh-pit ( -ဲ ) telhnak ding hmun tapoh ah
wit-sah-hna-lung-poh (:) kan telh thluh ding ti’n a ttang eu-eu ve.
Nauh-pit a um mi ttongfang asilole awfang cu an aw a san thluh ruangah a
si hmang. Hi mi khal hi thil awm-ang zet a si ko. Asinan
lungkimpi-lo-tu an nei.
Cutin ‘nang na dik lo, kei ka dik’ tiah
an el aw, an to aw ciamco ih an cabu khal cu suah thei lo in kum sawm
tel an um phah. Phunsangtlawng ih Kawlca zir ding cabu khal an neih mal
phah thluh. Hi mi san ah hin phunsangtlawng ih Kawlca an zir pek a si
ih, Kawl Calai hi a dinhmun a niam ruangah si lo in, a cabu ih suah mi
le mithiampawl ih zohfel mi tivek a tam hrih lemlo ruangah
phunsangtlawng khal ah zir ding cabu an anhai zet. Cutivek caan thupi
zet ahcun phah-u-tthuk le wit-sah-hna-lung-poh thuhla ah an rak buai
ruri ih, an calai tthan an rehter lawk.
Kum tawkfang a rei hnu
ah Professor U Pe Maung Tin (ဦးေဖေမာင္တင္) cu phunsangtlawng ih Kawl
calai ttuanvo neitu a rung si. Zir ding cabu tlaksamnak i lai ah, cabu
suak ding dawnkhamtu thubuai a um ti a theih tikah khatlam khatlam a lem
ton hai. Anih cun canganphung bangawklonak malte men hnak in miphun
nunphung le pianphung (identity) khaisan thei lohli hi a thupi sawn ti a
rak theifiang. Curuangah an duhdan veve thlun sak in, phah-u-tthuk khal
kan telh ding, nauh-pit umnak tapoh ah wit-sah-hna-lung-poh khal kan
telh ding ti in a lem hai. Ca zohfeltu ah anmah kha a hmang lawlaw ih an
phur nasa.
Asinan cabu thuhmaihruai ngandan ding ah an duhdan a
bang aw lo ih an to-aw lala. Cutin cabu suah ding khua an tlai zik
cuahco lala. Curuangah Professor U Pe Maung Tin in thuhmaihruai um lo in
kan suah lawlaw mai ding a ti san hai ih, an ttha tlang thei sal. A
thupi sawn mi taktak hmu thiamtu Professor U Pe Maung Tin ruangah Kawl
Calai cun lamzin dik a run zawh thei sal.
Cuihnu cun kum 12
(1924-1936) sungah cabu 46 lai an suah thei cih (Yangon Phunsangtlawng,
Daimon Kumcam Hngilhlonak Cazual, cahmai 29-30).
Burma Research
Society in 1911, December thla ih a suah mi Journal sung khal ah U Ba
Tay in Kawl cangandan ah hin ‘thinlung’ timi hi ႏွလုံး ti ih ngan lo in
ႏွစ္လုံး ti’n ngan sehla a ttha ding tiah thuburnak ca a ngan. Lahu
(လားဟူ) ttong, Kaw (ေကာ) ttong pawl ahcun thinlung le pahnih (nambat) hi
နိမ ti’n an ko (an ngan) veve ih, Wa ttong ih ရ၀ွမ္း (thinlung) ti mi
khal ‘pahnih’ (nambat) timi thawi’ bangrep ih hman a theih thotho.
Curuangah Kawlca khal ah thinlung le pahnih (nambat) hi hman kop theih
lawlaw sehla a ttha ding, phunhnam unauawknak khal a lang ding tiah a
ngan (မင္းသု၀ဏ္၊ ျမန္မာမႈ ျမန္မာ့ေရးရာ၊ ရန္ကုန္၊ ခ်ဳိေတးသံစာေပ၊ ၂၀၀၉၊
စမန ၁၈). Asinan pompitu a nei lemlo a si hmang. Hi ti vek ih hmuhdan
bang aw lo lak khal ah Burma Research Society ah hin sungtel cu an pung
vivo thotho.
Cubang lai ahcun ‘Kawlca ka thiam’ ti ih a
ruat-aw-tu cu mi malte an si ih, anmah tawk in thuneihnak le sumpai lam
ih mi langsar an si ve hai tikah an duhdan an tthin maimai duh ttheu lo.
An hmuhdan kha phunhnam tthansohnak hrang ruat ih an polsuah mi a si ve
fawn tikah ttan a rak na deuh ttheu a si hmang. A lenglam ih vun thlir
sak ahcun, anmai thu a lal lo ding hnak cun phunhnam tthansoh hrih lo
khal poi an rak ti lo tla a bang lamlam. Mai canganphung duhdan pakhat
te men puhmawh in Kawl Calai khawvel pi an rak zuar rero vek a si.
Asinan mithiam, mifim an rak neih ruangah tluse rei lo in an tungding aw
thei sal ah a cang. Tuini ahcun Kawlca cafangkom cu cozahpi in a kai ih
an buai nawn lemlo. Asinan ttongfang thar phuah mi thuhla, cafangkom
hmandan lawng si lo in a ttonghram remkhawmdan khal ah a si, ahcun
bulpak elawknak cu a um rero ko.
Canganphung felfai neih hi a
thupi zet ko. Asinan siar theih, theihthiam theih mi ca tampi neih hi a
thupi sawn. Ziangahtile cangan timi a rak um hlan khal ah calai
(literature) le nunphung (culture) ti mi cu a rak um zo. Minung in a
ttul taktak mi, a hrang ih a thupi sawn mi taktak kha ziang sawn a si? A
thupitdan a nep sawn mi le a thupi ngaingai sawn mi a pahnih ih kan
fehtluangter thei ahcun thil tthabik a si. Asinan a pahnih ih a
fehtluang thei nawn lo tik ah a thupi sawn mi hril thiamtu khi mifim an
si.
A hnuai ah Dutch-pawl ih cafangkom remsalnak sanphung
(history) tawi ka zoh hnik pei. Cafangkom remsalnak (spelling reform)
ziangtin an rak tuah, ziangtin an rak buai, ziangtin an hlawhtling,
ziangtin an hlawhsam tivekpawl kan hmuhnak ihsin theih le zir ding kan
ngah ruahsan a si.
DUTCH CAFANGKOM REMSALNAK (Dutch Spelling Reform)
Dutch ttong hi Netherlands le Belgium ram saklam Flanders hmun ih hman
mi a si. Netherlands zung ttong (official language) a si ih, Belgium
cozah ih zung ttong pahnih lak ih pakhat a si fawn. Belgium hin French
le Dutch ttong a pahnih in zung ttong ah a hmang. Asinan 1938 ihsin
Belgium saklam Flanders hmun ahcun Dutch ttong lawng hi zung ttong ih
pom a si. Belgium ram mipum hrek hnak ih tam in Dutch (Netherlandic)
ttong hi an hmang.
SANLAILI DUTCH TTONG (Middle Dutch),
1150-1500 karlak ih hman mi, ahcun ttongkalhmang (grammar) thlun hleice
mi khal a rak um lo. Kuamhuapttong (dialect) phunphun a um fawn. An
ngansuahmi ttongfangpawl khal a ttongfang bulhram zawng in
(etymologically) si lo in a awsuah zawng hlir in a si. Annih khal hin
Latin cafang hmangtu dang pawl ih ton ttheu mi harsatnak an tong ve.
Latin cafang hmangtupawl ih ton ttheu mi cu aw tawi le aw sau
thleidannak a um ttheu lo mi hi a si. Curuangah jaar (year-kum) cu zabi
13 lai ahcun jar ti’n an ngan thul, lehhnu deuh ah jaer le jair ti’n an
ngan thul, a lehhnu vivo ah jaar asilole year le iaer tivek in an ngan
thul ih a hngelhnget lo nasa.
Cafangkom kalhmang hman duhdan hi
hmun le ram ih zir in a rak dang phah fawn. Tthimnak ah Amsterdam
khawpi ah zabi 14 ih a rak umtu cazi (clerk) pakhat in lant ti ih a ngan
mi khi, Utrecht khawpi ih umtu cun land ti’n a ngan ding. Asinan tuisan
ih an hman mi awtung thuah khal an rak hmang phah. Awtung thuah hi
awphei aw a tawi ding ti hmuhsaknak ah an hmang. Tellen asile ‘e’ aw a
tawi, slapen asile ‘a’ aw a sau tivek in.
I. Siegenbeek Cafangkom (1804, Netherlands)
French Dothlengnak (French Revolution) in khawruahnak le zuamsuahnak
khawvel hmuahhmuah kau sinsin dingih a tuah rual in Dutch cafangkom le
ttongkalhmang tuah ttha ding ih zuamnak khal a suak cih. Leiden hmunram
ih professor Matthijs Siegenbeek cu 1801 kum ah cafangkom pumkhatnak um
ding ih tawlrel dingah cozah in a fial. Puithiam Petrus Weiland cu
ttongkalhmang cabu ngan ding in a dil ve. 1804 kum ah Siegenbeek cun
Treatise on Lower Dutch spelling to promote uniformity herein timi Dutch
ttong cafangkom ih pumkhat theinak um ding ih tawlrelnak cabu pakhat a
suah. 1805 kum ah Dictionary for the Dutch Spelling a suah fawn. 1804,
December 18 ah Batavian Republic (Netherlands hlan lai cozah) cun
Siegenbeek cafangkom (Siegenbeek spelling) cu a nemhnget.
Asinan mipi lak ah a lar thei ngaingai lo. A hleice in bezaipu ropi
Willem Bilderdijk (1756-1831) phei cun a do nasa ih amahte’n cafangkom
thar tampi a tuah fawn. A tuahsuah mi cafangkom tampi cu 1830 kumpawl le
1840 kumpawl ah an lar zet ih, tuisan tiang in run hman lanta mi an um.
Asinan a duansuahmi cafangkom tampi cu cohlan an si ve lo lala.
II. Willems Cafangkom (1844, Belgium)
Netherlands ram thlanglam ih Dutch ttong hmannak hmunpawl ahcun
Siegenbeek cafangkom cu a lar thei dah lo. 1830 kum ih Belgium ih
zalennak a phuan tikah Siegenbeek cafangkom cu Holland rimnam
(Hollandish) thil le Protestant rimnam thil a si tiah simsiat a hlawh.
Asinan anmahtei’ thlun ding mi cafangkom kalhmang relkhawmnak khal ah an
buai nasa; a maw ae hman ding, oo maw oó, ee maw eé, ei maw ey, ui maw
uy, ambt maw ampt, u maw ue, tivek le Verb ttongfangpawl ziangti’n
cafang kan kom ding tivek ah an thu a rual thei lohli lo.
1836
kum ah Belgian cozah cun cafangkom kalhmang thar a ngaihven ih bezaipu
le ttong-ca-mi (philologist) Jan Frans Willems (1793-1846) ih hoha mi
pawlkom in 1839 kum ah Cafangkom kalhmang pakhat an suahpi. Netherlands
ih hman mi Siegenbeek cafangkom thawn a nai aw zet. Willems cafangkom
(Willems spelling) hi 1844, January 9 ah cozah in a pompi.
III. De Vries le Te Winkel Cafangkom (1864, Belgium; 1883, Netherlands)
Tuini ih Netherlands le Flanders hmunram (Belgium ram saklam ih Dutch
ttong hmangtupawl umnak hmun; Belgium ram hrek tluk ih kau a si) ih hman
mi canganphung (orthography) khi a tir ahcun dictionary lawng ih hman
dingin an rak duansuah mi a si. 1851 ah Netherlands le Flanders ih um
pawl cu Brussels khawpi ih ttongphungphai le calailam khawmpi Taal-en
Letterkundig Congres (Linguistic and Literary Congress) ah an tong aw.
Dutch ttong hlun pawl khal a tel thluh mi dictionary tumpi Woordenboek
der Nederlandshce Taal (WNT) (Dictionary of the Dutch Language) tuah
ding in ruahmannak an nei.
Himi ttum ah ziang mi cafangkom
kalhmang kan hmang ding timi ah an buai. Cu lai ahcun cafangkom kalhmang
pathum a rak um: Belgium ram ih hman mi Willems cafangkom, Netherlands
ram ih hman mi Siegenbeek cafangkom, le Bilderijk’s ih duansuah mi
cafangkom phunphun pawl an si. Pakhatkhat an hman ahcun a dang hnong ah
an can ding ih hlei ah, Siegenbeek cafangkom kalhmang in ttongfang kop
(compound word) pawl kha kom ding an si le si lo a simfiang cuang fawn
lo. Curuangah an tuah tum mi dictionary hrangah cafangkom dang pakhat
tuah lawlaw an tum.
Cafangkom kalhmang thar cu ttongphungthiam
(linguist) pahnih, Matthias de Vries le L.A. te Winkel, in an tuah. 1863
ah Te Winkel in an tuah tum mi dictionary hrang ih thlun ding mi
cafangkom kalhmang tarlangnak ‘The foundations of Dutch spelling:
Project for the spelling of the forthcoming Dutch Dictionary’ a suah. A
cang thei tawk in cafangkom kalhmang um cia phunthum khaikhawm mi a si.
November 21 ah Belgium siangpahrang in a pompi. 1866 ah De Vries le Te
Winkel in Dutch ttong ttongfangpawl cafangkomdan tarlangnak ‘Vocabulary
for the spelling of the Dutch language’ an suah. Himi hi tuini ih an
thlun mi Groene Boekje (Green Booklet – Cabu Hring Te) ih hramttohnak a
si.
De Vries le Te Winkel cafangkom hi Netherlands cun a
cohlang lohli lo. 1870 tiang in tlawnginn ahcun Siegenbeek cafangkom an
hmang ih, cozah herkualawknak khal ah 1883 tiang in a thar hi an hmang
hrih lo. Asinan nuamtete’n an cohlang sal ih tu ahcun hman tambik mi ah a
cang zo.
IV. Marchant Cafangkom (1934, Netherlands)
Netherlands ram ih tlawngsaya le ttongphungthiam pawl cun Dutch
cafangkom kalhmang cu an lung a kim thei hrih lo. Ttonghramphung
(etymology) a ngaihsak luartuk an ti. ~himnak ah lezen (awphei pakhat
lawng hman mi, ‘siar’ tican a si) ti ih ngan mi le heeten (awphei thuah,
a tican ‘ko’) timi hi cafangkom bang aw ding a si an ti. A ttongfang
bulhram ih hmelhmang langter duhnak ruangih cafangkom danglamter mi an
si ko nan, a zirhdan a buaithlak an ti. Ziangahtile a awsuah danglam
cuang lo mi kha a cafangkom a danglam ruangah a si. R.A. Kollewijn cun
1891 kum ah ‘Our awkward spelling: a proposal for simplification’ (Kan
cafangkom pensawl: tluangtlamter ding ih thubur) timi cahram a ngan.
Anih cun a awsuah mil ih cafangkom a uar. Cafang hleifuan (redundant
letter) cu hlon men a duh. Mensch (minung) le Nederlandsch timi khi mens
le Nederlands ti ih ngan ding in; Heeten khi heten ti ih ngan ding in,
asinan lezen cu thleng cuang lo ding in tivek in thubur a tuah.
1916 kum ah Dutch canganphung zohfeltu kawmison cun De Vries le Te
Winkel cafangkom le Kollewijn cafangkom cu a zohton. Kollewijn cafangkom
cu nuamtete’n cohlan a si vivo ih 1934, September 1 ah Fimzirnak
tlangbawi (minister) Marchant cun Kollewijn ih thubur tamsawn cu a
pompi. Cutin Netherlands le Belgium cu canganphung bang aw lo ah an cang
lala.
V. 1946 Cafangkom Remsalnak (Flanders) le 1947 Cafangkom Remsalnak (Netherlands)
Cafangkom kalhmang bang aw ciah lo deuh ih an can sal mi cu cinfel thei
tum in, Leitlun Ralbuaipi II lai ah Netherlands le Flanders cozah cun
cafangkom kalhmang pumkhatnak um thei ding in an zuam lala. De Vries le
Te Winkel cafangkom ih hrambun in Marchant cafangkom thawn an khaikhawm
ih Flanders ah 1946 kum ah an hmang thok. A hmai kum ah Netherlands in a
hmang thok ve. Flemish-Dutch committee in 1954 kum ah Dutch ttongfang
khonkhawmmi cabu Vocabulary of the Dutch language cu a phaw (kawm) hring
thawn a suah. Cui’ cabu cu "het Groene Boekje” (Cabu Hring Te) tiah a
lar. (English-pawl in Flanders hmunram ih hman mi Dutch ttong khi
Flemish tiah an ko. A hmin a danglamter men mi a si. Dutch `ong thawn
danglamnak a um lo).
VI. 1996 Cafangkom Remsalnak (Netherlands le Flanders)
1954 hnu khal ah duhthawhlonak (dissatisfaction) a um hrih thotho.
~ongfang tampi cu cafangkom hngelhnget a um thei hrih lo. ~himnak ah
actie (cangvaihnak-action) khi cohlan deuh mi cafangkom a si ih, aktie
khi kalhmang thar deuh, tthansoh lam pan deuh cafangkom a si. Dutch-pawl
(Netherlands) in actie ti khi an hmang tamsawn ih Belgian-pawl
(Flanders) cun aktie ti an hmang tamsawn. Cun Dutch ttong hi a tthansoh
cak zet ruangah 1954 kum ih tuah mi dictionary cu a huapkim thei nawn
lo.
1994 kum ah cafangkom kalhmang remsal ding in nasate’n
relkhawmnak an tuah hnu ah Nederlandse Taalunie (Dutch Language Union),
1980 ih din mi, cun cafangkom kalhmang thar a ruahman lala. Himi ttum
ahcun an thleng mi a tam lemlo. Ttongfang kop (compound word) pehzomtu
‘n’ hmandan thuhla a si deuh ih, a dang pawl cu hmandan hlun ih a
hngelhnget lo mi pawl hngelhngetternak (actie kha aktie ti ih hmang nawn
lo ding in tivek) a si deuh bik. 1996 kum ah hman thok a si.
VII. 2006 Cafangkom Remsalnak (Netherlands le Flanders)
1994 kum ah khan Cabu Hring Te sung ih ttongfangpawl cu kum hra ah vei
khat zohfel-sal-nak nei ding in lungkimnak an tuah. Asinan an hman mi
kalhmang hruangpi leng lan ih rem lo ding in an relcat. 2005, October 15
ah zohfel sal mi cu an suah. Thlengmi kalhmang pakhat lawng a um.
Dandelion Kalhmang (Dandelion Rule) tiah an ko. Pangpar phun khat hmin
paardebloem (dandelion), le paa phun khat hmin vliegezwam (fly agaric)
kha paardenbloem le vliegenzwam tiah an thleng. Ttongfang kop pawl
pehzomtu ih ‘n’ an rak hman mi ah himi ttongfang pahnih hi ttongfang kop
si cing in ‘n’ an rak bet lo ruangah an bet sal mi a si. (Hminsin: an
siar taktak ahcun pehzomtu ‘n’ hi an aw an suahter dah lo).
DUTCH CAFANGKOM REMSALNAK THUNET
Cabu Hring Te ih ruahmanmi hi Belgium ram ih Dutch ttong hmangtupawl
cun buai lo te’n an pomrem thei mai. Netherlands cozah le tlawnginn khal
in Cabu Hring Te sung ih ruahman mi lamzin an zawh. Asinan Netherlands
ram ih thuthangca, mekazin, casutnak le TV station tampi cun an thlun
duh lo. Cabu Hring Te dokalh in Cabu Var Te (Het Witte Boekje/White
Booklet) an suah fawn. Cabu Var Te cun ttongfang pakhat kha cafangkom
kalhmang pakhat lawng thlun bul a neih lo mi khal a um. Ttongfang kop ih
‘n’ telh ding thu khal ah telh lo mi khal a pompi ih, hyphen le
cafangpi (capital letter) hman thu khal ah thlun mi pakhat lawng nei
cuang lo in, hmandan kalhmang bang aw lo khal a pompi mai. Himi ruangah
Cabu Hring Te hnakin a kalhmang a hngelhnget lo sawn ti ih sawisel khal a
hlawh. Flanders ahcun cafangkom var a hmangtu media tum (large media)
an um lo.
(Hminsin: Grammar ti hi a ttonghram Greek ttongfang
ih tican cu cangan thiamzung ‘the art of writing’ tican asinan santhar
ttongphungphai thlirdan cun grammar timi hin ttong ih sidan phungphai
sawn a khihhmuh ruangah ttongkalhmang ti ih ka retnak a si.)
No comments:
Post a Comment