Greek Calai Romual (1)
Greece Ram le Greek Miphun Sanphung
Tuisan
ih kan hmuh mi Greece ram cu nisuahlam Turkey le nitlaklam Italay karlak,
Mediterranean tipithuanthum ih vung pawt suak Balkan tikulh hlawmpi le a
kiangkap tikulh tam zet a tel mi ram a si. Nisuahlam ah Agean tipithuanthum in
Greece le Turkey ramri a dang. NItlaklam ah Ionian tipithuanthum in Greece le
Italy ramri a dang. Greece ram sanphung, Greek pawl ih khuavang pathian
sanphung, le Greek calai sanphung pawl ah himi tipithuanthum pawl hin hmunram
an luah zet. Tui san Greece ih saklam ah Albania ram, Yugoslavia ram le
Bulgaria ram pawl cu nilaklam ihsin nisuahlam ah an tlar aw hai.
Hlansan
Greece cu tuisan bang ih komkhawm aw a si lo. Ukawkdan le ram relbawldan
dangdang an si. Khurram umtudan khal ah tlang le khamhrap tam zet tikulh pawl a
pak tetei’ um an si ruangah mah le mum cio in an mum deuh hai. Curuangah Greek
miphun sanphung, Greece ram sanphung tivek ngan tikah ram pakhat vek ih
khaikhawm mai a theih lo. Aristotle in Greece ram ukawkdan sanphung a rak ngan
tikah ram 158 ih sanphung kha pakhat tete’n a rak ngan ti a si (Encyclopaedia
Britannica, Vol. 10, 1946). Khawpi tin in ram pakhat vekin siangpahrang nei ih
an ukawk qheh ruangah Aristotle ih tidan lo bak cun rel ngaihnak khal a um hran
lo tluk a si. Himi cabu ahcun a bulhram le kan paltlangh ding mi hmun le ram
thupi deuh pawl lawng hril in kan thlir sawn a ttul hrih ding.
Greek Miphun Bulhram
Greek
pawl hi Caspian tipithuanthum kiangkap hrawng ihsi darh aw vivo Arian miphun ih
hrin pakhat an si (Myanma Swesone Kyan, Vol. 3). Asia-Minor tikulh ihsin Balkan
tikulh lam ah ra feh in thlanglam ah an suk sal ih Peloponnesus tikulh an thlen
tikah khua le ram din in hmun an khuar. Europe khawmualpi lam ih ra darh vivo
Aryan cithlah pawl hi sanphungthiam pawl cun Indo-European cithlah tiah an ko.
Indo-European
pawl ih hman mi ttong pawl kha mithiampawl in an tthen sal tikah Teutonic
(Germanic), Latin (Italian) le Greek ttong ti’n cit hum an um. Greek miphun pawl
ih ttong kha an qhen bet sal tikah Corinthian, Cretan pawl ih khua le ram tel in
nitlaklam Greece ih umtu pawl ttong a si mi Doric, Thesolonian pawl le saklam
Greece ih um pawl ttong a si mi Arcadian, Ionian tipikap le Athens ram pawl hman
mi nisuahlam Greece ih um pawl hman mi Ionic-Attic ttong ti’n horkuam ttong ci li
a um (U Pe Maung Tin, Barthar Lawka Kyan). An umnak hmun ih zir in an ttong a
danglam vivo ruangah hmun tthenkhat ih horkuam ttong phei cu Greek thawn an
naivai aw ngai maw ti hman ih rinhlelh ding an um fawn.
Greek
pawl ih pipupawl si ding ih an zum mi pawl in Peloponnesus tikulh densen in
Mycenae khawpi an rak din. Himi hi BC 3000-2000 sung hrawng ah a si. Hitawk
ihsin Mycenean nunphung a ra suak ti a si. Cumi san ah Crete tikulh ih um
siangpahrang Mino ih hmin thawi’ an kawh mi Mino miphun pawl ih Minoian
nunphung a rak um zo. Lehhnu ahcun Minoian nunphung le Mycenean nunphung cu an
luhkalh aw vivo ih, an rawi aw ta.
BC
1400 hrawng ah Mycenean miphun pawl cu Mediterranean tipithuanthum kiangkap
tiang an huvang a leng ban. An kiangkap ah Aeolian, Ionian, Achaean, Dorian,
Arcadian le Thessalian hrin pawl khal in mah le ram ciar an rak din ve. BC 1200
hrawng ah Athens khawpi neitu Mycenean Greek pawl le Arcadian, Achean le
Thessalian Greek pawl qangkhawm in Asia-Minor tikulh ih Troy khawpi an do ih
1184 ah Troy khawpi a tlu. Cumi hnu ah Dorian pawl an huvang a kaiso leh ih
Greek pawl cu Ionian tipikap lam ah cer in umhmun an khuar.
Hibang
Greece rampawl hin mah le siangpahrang ciar an nei. BC 1000 hrawng ah an tthangso hai zet. BC 800-700 a rung thlen tikah siangpahrang uknak ihsin mimalte
komkhawm aw ih uknak a si mi Oligarchy a rung suak. Leiram neitu milian mi
malte kut ah uknak a thleng tinak a si. Cumi hnu ah mi siattha pal ih
dothlenghnak a um ih siangpahrang sungkua si lo, mi zaran lak ih mi pakhat in a
uk mi Tyrant san a rung thleng. Himi uknak ahcun thuneitu bik in amah pakhat
lawng thuthu in ram a uk. Tulai ahcun Tyrant timi hi siangpahrang sualral ih
uknak kawhhmuhtu ah hman a si. Asinan a tir ahcun Tyrant timi hin siangpahrang
sualral timi sullam a rak nei lo. A ngaingai ahcun cumi lai san ih Tyrant pawl
ih ram ukdan hi democracy ukawknak hrangih lamzin rak sialtu sawn a si ti’n an
ruat sawn (Myanma Swesone Kyan, Vol. 3).
Hrinhnam
tete pawl mah le bulpak cio ih ukawknak hmun le ram a tam vivo tikah
siangpahrang umnak khawpi pakhat kha ram pakhat dinhmun ah a cang ih, ram
pakhat ukawk dan in an uk aw. Cumi pawl cu khawpi-ram (city-state) tiah an ko.
Curuangah Athens ram, Sparta ram, Corinth ram, Thebes ram tivek khawpi ram pawl
an suak ih mah ukawknak cio in an uk aw.
Greek
hrinhnam phunzakip komkhawm kha Hellas ti’n an ko. Hellas timi cu Thessalian
pawl umnak thlanglam deuh ih um khua pakhat a si. Greece ram zate kom cu
Hellenes an ti. Curuangah Greek miphun nunphung cu Hellenes nunphung ti khal in
an ko. Santhar sanphung mithiam pawl in Hellenes nunphung a darhzai caan hi
Alexander Ropi ih thih kum (BC 323) hnu lam a si an zum. Curuangah himi san
ihsi hin Hellenes san a thok an ti.
Asinan
BC zabi pasarih sung ihsin Greek miphun komkhawm Hellenic ti ih an kawh zo mi
kha Hellenes tiah a rung cang mi a si titu khal an um (M. Cary and T. J.
Haarhoff). Himi Hellenic miphun komkhawm hi ramkhel lam ih pumkhatawknak
kawhnak hmin si lo in nunphung lam ih komkhawmawknak sawn kawhnak hmin a si.
Curuangah Athens le Sparta ram tla an do aw rero ko nan an hman mi nunphung cu
a bang aw. Sungkhat naivai zet an si.
BC
500 a rung thlen tikah a tthan a ttha zet mi Athens khawpi-ram le hmun hla ih um
Persia ram pawl cu sumdawnnak lam ah engh-tai aw in an do aw. Himi san ah Greek
khawruahphung (philosophy), Greek thuanthucawn, Greek calai le thiamzung (art)
pawl an tthangso zet. Ral neih an ngaih ti tlak hial in an tthangso. Greek pawl
in BC 490 ah Persia siangpahrang Darius I (BC 521 -485) cu Marathon doawknak ah
an neh. Darius I ih fapa Xerxes (485 – 465) khal BC 479 kum ah Thermopylas
doawknak ah an neh lala. Himi ihsin Greek pawl cu an tthangso thar sal.
Himi
san ah Tyrant siangpahrang san a cem ih democracy ukawknak a suak. Mipi ih hril
mi Pericles (BC 499 – 429), ralbawipi le ram relbawldan lam mithiam, in uktu a
quan. Amai’ san ah ram relbawldan, sumtuahdan le zatlang nun lam a tthansoh
ruangah himi san hi Pericles San ti’n sanphung ah ngankhum a si. Himi san ah
khawruahphung mithiam Socrates le a kaithlun Plato pawl in khawruahphung lam tthangso le darhzai ding in an buaipi. Asinan Athens le Sparta ram cu
Peloponnesus ralbuai ah nasa zet in an do aw ciamco ih BC 430 ah Athens khawpi
cu a siat soprop thluh.
BC
359 – 336 sungah Macedonia siangpahrang Phillip II in Athens le Thebes pawl neh
in Greece ram pawl a finkhawm. A fapa Alexander Ropi san ah Greek ralkap
komkhawm pawl in Asia-Minor, Palestine, Egypt, Persia le India ram tiang an do
vivo ih, Alexander Ropi ih kumpiram (emperor) cu a kau in a picang vivo.
Alexander Ropi in Egypt ram ah Alexandria khawpi a din ih a tefa pawl in BC 32
ihsin AD 40 tiang Egypt ram an uk. Himi san ah Hellenes nunphung cu leitlun
hmunzakip ah a darh.
Greek
pawl huham a ropit lai, BC 300, hrawng ihsin Roman pawl in Rome khawpi din in
kumpiram an rak din ve. Alexander Ropi hnu ah Greek pawl huham bulhrambik a si
mi Macedonia cu a ttumsuk vivo. BC 146 ah Macedonia le a vuavang Greece ram pawl
hmuahhmuah cu Roman Kumpiram hnuai ah an tlu thluh. Himi san ihsin Greece ram
ih sunlawinak cu a ziamral tiah mithiam pawl in an ruat.
AD
300 ahcun Roman Kumpiram a ttumsuk ve lala. Vistula tipikap sirhsan ih ram
dinsuaktu Teutonic hrin Goths miphun pawl in miphun dangdang punhkhawm in Roman
Kumpiram cu an nek vivo. A netnak ahcun Roman Kumpiram cu a kuai ih, Goths
miphun pawl in Balkans tikulh, Asia-Minor tikulh, nisuahlam Roman ramkulh pawl
an lak. Cutawk ah Athens, Sparta, le Corinth tivek Greece ram pawl khal an tel.
AD 400 lai ah Thessalian Greek pawl in Roman kumpi (emperor) an dothlengh tum
nan minung 7,000 hrawng thah an tuar hnu cun an cangvai thei nawn lo.
Himi
san ahhin Europe khawmualpi ah ram tampi an dingsuak. Zabi 14 thoklam ihsin
Turkey pawl khal an tha a cak vivo. AD 1354 ah Turkey miphun pawl in
Andrianople khawpi densen in Ottoman Kumpiram an din tikah Balkans tikulh ih
umhmun khuartu Greek pawl khal Turkey Kumpiram sungah an tla lut. 1821 ihsin
Greek pawl cu Turkey kuthnuai ihsi zalennak sualsuahlam ah taimak an suah.
Cutin, 1830 kum ah kum 2,000 lai an rak hloh mi zalennak cu an ngah sal.
BC
2,000 lai ihsi ropi le qhangso zo mi Greece ram le Greek miphun kha kum 2,000
sung lai midang kut hnuai ah an vakvai rero timi cu mangbangza rori a si.
Khatlam ah cui’ kum 2,000 sungah Europe khawmualpi sungih a hloral lanta mi ram
tampi pawl ih dung thlun ve lo in an run nunsuah sal theinak san cu an nunphung
le calai hngehkhoh tuk ruangah a si ve. Cui’ an nunphung, calai le
khawruahphung pawl cu leitlun pumpi in a qul mamawhnak tinkim ih a rak hman
ringring ruangah Greek miphun ih hnukhripi cu a cat thei ngaingai lo ti theih
khal a si.
Greek Ca
Minoian
nunphung san ah cui’ nunphung a ra suahnak Crete tikulh cu Mediterranean
tipithuanthum paltlangh in Egypt ram thawn an tlawhpawh aw ttheu. Egypt pawl ih
zukca ci khat (hieroglyph) tla Minoian pawl in an rak ngah ve. Asinan BC 1,000
le 700 karlak ah Carthage ram dintu Phoenician miphun pawl ih ca an la.
Phoenician pawl hi Mediterranean tipithuanthum thawi’ peh aw mi Africa
khawmualpi ih tipikap pawl ah long thawn khual tlawng ih pumcawmnak tuahtu an
si. Phoenician ca hi Phoenician siangpahrang fapa pakhat a si mi Cadmus in a
rak ken luh mi a si tiah Greek pawl ih simsawnawk mi thuanthu a um (M. Cary and
T. J. Haarhoff). Phoenician pawl cun cafang 22 an nei. Himi hmang in an duh mi
hmuah an ngan thei thluh ruangah Egypt ihsi an ngah mi Minoian ca kha cu an qulhai nawn lo. Greek pawl hin
Phoenician cangandan kha a zate’n an la thluh lo. Anmai ttong thawi’ rualrem lo
cafang tthenkhat cu an hlon ih, bet ttul mi an bet. Cutin, Greek cafang 24 a ra
suak.
Phoenician
cangandan ah awphei (vowel) a mal zet. HLansan Hebru cangandan ah phei cun
awphei a rak um lo. Khatlam ah Greek pawl cun awphei awsuah an ngah zet. Awphei
ci hnih ko aw (æ, œ tivek) le awtung (consonant) ci hnih kop aw (ps, cn, ct
tivek) awsuah tivek khal an um. Hivek ruangah Greek pawl in Phoenician ca kha
anmai’ duhdan ih an herremnak san a si. Tlawng kai dah pawl cun Greek cafang
pahnihkhat tal cu kan thei cio ding. Ziangahtile dengfelphung (science) ih hman
mi ttongfang le hminsinnak (symbol) tam zet cu Greek ttongfang le cafang hman an
si ruangah a si.
Phoenician
ca anmai’ duhdan ih an her rem thu ahhin, hlansan Greece ram cu an tam zet
ruangah mah le duhdan cio ih rak her rem mi a si ve. BC 403 ah Athens ram mi
pawl in Asia-Minor tikulh ih um Greek miphun tamsawn in an hman mi Ionic
cangandan kha la in Greek mi zapi hman ding ah thu an than. Greek pawl Roman
Kumpiram hnuai ih an tluk tikah Greek cangandan kha Roman pawl in anmai’ duhdan
in an her rem ve lala ih, Roman cangandan a ra suak. Cui Roman cafang cu Chin
miphun khal in missionary pawl ih zar to in kan run hmang ve.
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