Greek Calai Romual 9 (Greek San Thar Calai)

Greek Calai Romual

Bung 9

Greek San Thar Calai

Europe khawmualpi ih calai sanphung ah, rotling calai (classical literature) lar san lai kha san hlun, rotling calai hnu lam calai kha san thar calai ti’n a tlangpithu ih qhen a si qheu. Curuangah tui kan rel ding mi hi san thar calai timi sung ih ret a si.

Greek pawl ih thinlung bulhram cu qong pakhat hmang tlang in Greek miphun hmuahhmuah rualremnak lungput nei ding ih dinsuahawk duhnak an neih mi hi a si. Homer san ihsin himi lungput an neih ruangah an calai hlun pawl khal qiabeuh (hlovai) lo ding in an rak kilkhawi. BC 400 hrawngah Hellenes nunphung (Greek miphun hmuahhmuah huap nunphung) dinsuah a si ih, cui nunphung cu hmun tin ah darh vivo in India nitlaklam tiang a ra thleng. Asinan BC 146 ah Roman Kumpiram hnuai ih an tlak ruangah Hellenes nunphung khal a caurau vivo ih, a san a cem ta ti a si.

BC 146 ihsi hin Roman san asilole Graeco-Roman san a thok tiah calai sanphung mithiam pawl in an sim. Himi san ah Greek nunphung le Roman nunphung cu an luhkalh aw ih, an rawi aw celcel. Greek pawl hi midang kut hnuai ih um an sin an an nunphung cun anmah uktu Roman pawl tiang in a hliahkhuh thei. AD 400 hrawng ih Byzantine Kumpiram an dik tik khal ah Greek pawl ih nunphung huham cu a nasa zet lai. Asinan Byzantine nunphung ih sutpi a simi Constantinople khawpi cu Turkey rammi pawl in 1453 ih an do neh tikah Byzantine nunphung khal a riaral ih, cumi lak ih rak tel ve Greek calai le nunphung khal a rong a dal vivo.

Hiti ih an calai le nunphung a riaral vivo nak san a dang pahnih khal an um. Greek pawl in Hellenes nunphung san ah Attic qong hi tlang qong, calai qong ah hmang in an ngaina, an ret thupi zet. Lehnu lam khal ah rotling calai cu Attic qong ih ngan hramhram an tum. AD 150 lai ih rak nung calai mithiam Lucian hman in deusiah ca (satire) a ngan mi kha rotling calai sungih telter a duh ruangah Attic qong a rak hmang.

Lucian hi deusiah ca ngan paih zet a si. Sanphung Khaipa Herodotus ih ca hman a rak zokzet paih. Herodotus in a ngan mi sanphung ah thil thungai bang lo khop in a maksak mi tluangtlawn (khualtlawn) zalamtluan thuhla a rak ngan. Cumi cu Lucian in cuhnak ih cang thei lo le maksak tluangtlawn thuhla ngan hrim in a rak zokzet ih, a cabu hmin khal ah Vera Historia (True History/Sanphung Dik) timi a rak hmang hrim. Lucian ih cabu sung thuhla cu thlapi par ih tlawn thu, thlapi kiltu khuavang pathian ih ralkap pawl le ni khuavang pathian ih ralkap pawl an doawk thu pawl ngan mi a si.

A tumtah mi cu thil cang thei lo, si thei lo rori kha thudik ah ruat ih a zum qheu tu pawl deusiah ding kha a si. Lucian ih Vera Historia hi lehhnulam ih deusiah ca run ngantu English canganthiam hminthang Jonathan Swift, French calaimi hminthang Voltaire le American canganthiam hminthang Mark Twin pawl tiang run hliahkhuhtu a si. Dengfelphung nunthuleng (science fiction) hmaisabik ti hman a theihnak lai a um ding. Swift ih ngan mi Gullivers’ Travels’ hi Lucian ih ca sung thuhla malte la in amah in a phuah belhsah mi a si (Mya Than Tint).

Greek nunphung le qong thuhla ah kan kir sal pei. Cuti ih Attic qong an ret thupi ringring lai ah Greek miphun zatlang mipi zaran ih hman taktak mi qong cu a rak danglam hrethro vivo. Cicero ih san a rung thlen lephei cun Attic qong cu an ret thupi tuk nawn lo. San a rung rei vivo cun Greek qong tualleng cu a tha a cak vivo ih, Greek rotling qong cu dunglam ah a tang lanta. Himi hi Greek rotling calai thazang maltertu pakhat a si ve.

A dang pakhat cu Jesuh Khrih ih rung suah kha a si. Roman Kumpiram vanglai ah Jesuh Khrih a rung suak ih, a dinsuah mi Khristian sakhua cu a rung qhanglian vivo. AD 70 ihsin 200 karlak ah Greek qong in Bible an let. Jesuh Khrih ih tirhthlah pawl le Khristian sakhua hrang ih ram nortu pawl in Greek qong tualleng an hman vivo ruangh Greek rotling qong cu a tha a mal vivo ih, Greek qong tualleng sawn in ram a la vivo.

Greek biazai kalhmang le calai an tlak niam vivo lai ah Babrius timi pa in Aesop ih thuanthufim pawl cu bezai ah a phuah hai. Mi dangdang khal in an phuah nasa ve. Greek biazai kalhmang hi BC 170 ihsin AD 700 tiang lai a nungdam ve ringring nan hlan san biazai vek ngaingai ih ro a tling mi kutsuak an um thei lo (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 10, 1948).

Khristian sakhua a karh vivo ruangah Greek khuavang pathian pawl le khawruahphung in hmunram a co mal vivo. AD 529 ah Plato ih dinmi Academy tlawng tel in, Athens phunsangtlawng qhiat a si. Khristian sakhua hruaitu pawl ih ngan mi calai in ram a la vivo ih, biakkhawmnak hrangih phuah mi, sak le samh ding bezai le hla pawl an rung lar.

San Thar Meifar

Nunphung pakhat le pakhat an rawiawk tikah zatek tam deuh a qunghmun mi nunphung kha hliahkhuhtu nunphung tiah kan rel qheu. Greek nunphung in Roman pawl a hliahkhuh kan ti tikah Roman zate’n Greek miphun nunphung vek rori in an nung tinak si lo in, Roman pawl ih nunphung ah Greek pawl ih nunphung cin le dan tam zet a lut tinak a si. Roman pawl ih nunphung khal Greek nunphung ah a lut ve nan zatek a mal deuh ruangah a langsar lo. Asinan cumi in hngongsuah mi cu a nei ban ve thotho.

Roman nunphung lawng si lo in phunhnam dangdang ih nunphung khal Greek nunphung sungah an lut ve. Roman Kumpiram khal kha’n hu nau can a nei qheu. Cu a hu a nau can ah kiangkap phunhnam dang pawl in a Kumpiram an run nor qheu. Cutivek ih rung lut Franks miphun pawl cun Roman Kumpiram hmun qhenkhat an run la. Ni le thla a rei cun an ramri an kauh vivo ih France rampi an run din. Himi Franks pawl ih nunphung khal hi Greek nunphung sung ah a lut tel ve.

Cun, Roman Kumpiram a kuaidarh tikah Italy tikulh hmuahhmuah cu a kiangkap miphun pawl in an la ih ramkulh tampi ah a cang. AD 800 hrawng ah siangpahrang Charlemagne ih Kumpiram ah an tla lut lala. Cuihnu ah an qekdarh sal. Ram fatak tete tampi ah an cang hai nan Roman nunphung an hmang deuh thluh. Curuangah Italy nunphung khal Greek nunphung ah a lut ve. Zabi 10 le 14 karlak Greek romantic biazai ah Franks le Italian pawl ih sulhnu a lang.

Cuihlei ah Greek qong tualleng sung ih rung lut Franks le Italian nunphung le qong in Greek rotling qong/calai le qong tualleng karlak ramri a run hla aw ter vivo. Zabi 13 hrawngah Romania ram in Roman Kumpiram hnuai ih Greek khua le ram pawl kum 100 sung lai a uk dah fawn ruangh Greek qong tualleng le calai ah Romanian nunphung le qong keneh a tangta lala fawn. Arab pawl khal Greek khua le ram sung an rak luh dah ve ruangah Greek nunphung sungah sulhnu an tanta ve fawn.

Asinan hlan san Greece ram, Crete tikulh ih suak Cretan calai cu an calai bulhram thawn a nai aw zet lai. Culaklai ah Venice tikulh ih um pawl in Cretan tikulh an do neh ih an uk ruangah zabi 16 le 17 lai ih Cretan tikulh ihsin a suak mi romantic biazai ahcun Venice nunphung le anka a zetel aw ve lala. Himi san ah Apokorona khawpi mi Nikolaos Drymitinos in lothlo pawl thuhla a phuah mi zatlang hla (folk song) le bezai pawl an lar zet. Cu pawl cu 1627 ah a bu in suah a si ih, zabi 19 ah phunhnamveinaklam cangvaihnak hnuthlun in an rung lar thar sal lala (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 10, 1948).

Phunhnamveinak Calai

Zabi 15 le 19 sung Turky kut hnuai ih an um lai ah Greek pawl ih phunhnamveinak lungput cu a mut alh aw cak zet. Curuangah phun le hnam duhdawtnak tho suak ding ih forhfialnak calai pawl hmuh ding a tam. Greek nunphung ih hram bun khawruahphung pawl an phorhsal. Plato le Aristotle ih khawruahphung khaikhin le fakselnak pawl mithiam pawl in an ngan. Cutikah Greek sanphung mithiam pawl khal in Greek sanphung hlun pawl an phorhsuak sal hai.

Himi san ah 1391 – 1578 karlak ih rak ding Constantinople sanphung, Ottoman Kumpiram sanphung, le 1683 Viena Ralbuai sanphung pawl an ngan. Hi pawl hi Greek miphun le ram ih sanphung an si lo nan Greek nunphung tarlangtu sanphung an si. Phunhnam dang kut hnuai ih um an si ruangah ukbeh tuartu dinhmun ah ding in ca an ngan nan Greek nunphung le Greek miphun duhdawt nak cang thiam ding ih forhfialawknak ah a qha zet a si hmang.

Zabi 18 sungah phunhnamveinak qhangphawktu fimzirnak calai an suak. Europe khawmualpi hmun tin ih ceng Greek miphun Khristian Bishop pawl le sumdawng milian pawl qangkhawm in zirlai cabu phunphun an suah. Casutnak khawl pawl khal Venice khawpi, Triet khawpi le Viena khawpi pawl ah an din. Fimzirnak lam cabu tawlreltu ah Nikephoros Theotikis (1731-1800) le Eugenios Vulgaris (1715-1806) tei’ pahnih hi an hming a thang zet. Zir pek mino pawl hrangah Mathematics, Physics, Geography, Philosophy le Archaeology pawl tla Greek qong in an tuah.

Greek calai a karhzai theinak ding ah Adamantios Korais (1748 – 1833) in thliamthluai calai (aesthetic literature) pawl a luhcilh. Korais hi France ram Paris khawpi ih um a si. Paris ah ceng in Greek rotling calai pawl a zohfel, a remqha ih a sung thuhla hrangih casiartu kaihruaitu ding thuhmaihruai ngan in a suah qheu. A thuhmaihruai ngan mi cu Greek phunhnamveinak cok tho ding ih ngan mi an si hai fawn.

Khatlam kap ah hlan san rotling calai phorhsuak rero phah in, khatlam kap ah, zatlang mipi hman tlanglawn mi qong tualleng thawn biazai thar an phuah, an sersuak. Phunhnamveinak cokthotu ding biazai le thuanthucawn pawl an phuah, an ngan. Cu pawl lak ih cal lang deuhbik le hmunram pal kimbik cu Alexandres Rizos Rhangavis (1810 – 92) a si. Biazai, thuanthucawn, Greek sanphung, Greek calai lawrkhawm, Greek hlan san thiamzung thuhla tivek pawl a ngan ih, Greek nunthuleng sanphung khal a ngan fawn.