Greek Calai Romual 8 (Dengfelphung le Thuhla Relbawldan Dang pawl)

Greek Calai Romual

Bung 8

Dengfelphung le Thuhla Relbawldan Dang pawl

BC zabi pali hnu hrawng ihsin khawruahphung le khuarel (nature) thuhla hliakhlainak hi lamzin dangdang ah an qhen aw. Alexander Ropi san ah dengfelphung (science) lam hliakhlai hi tha a rak pe zet. Curuangah khuarel hliakhlainak a rak qhangso zet. BC 300 ihsin 150 karlak sung ih Greek pawl in khuarelthil an rak hliakhlai mi le an hmuhsuah mi pawl hi AD zabi 17 tiang ah siangpahrang lukhum co in, leitlun ih dengfelphung hmaihruaitu ah a rung cang thei.

Asinan Greek mithiam pawl cun theory hawl le phorhsuah lam lawng an buaipi. An hmuhsuah mi pawl run hmang qangkaitu cu Roman pawl sawn an si. Archimedes ih hmuhsuah mi ningkhawng (principle) khal a tak ih run hmangtu bik cu Roman pawl an si. Roman pawl hin Greek mithiam pawl ih hmuhsuah mi theory kha a tak ih run hmansuah dan an thiam ruangah loram quan dan le pehtlaihawknak hrang ih lamzin tuahdan tivek ah remcang zet le felfai zet in an run nun thei phah. Vandumkulh (universe) thil umtudan zoh in nithlasiarnak (calendar) hman felfaite’n an run ruahman khawsuak thei phah (M. Cary and T. J. Haarhoff).

Dengfelphung Hmaihruaitu pawl

Minung pawl hin van boruak thuhla hi an rak ngaihven hmaisa deuh qheu in a lang. Greek mifim hminthang pasarih lak ih tel, Socrates hlan ih rak um khawruahphung mithiam Thales (BC 640 – 540 hrawng) hi van boruak (tlolak) lam mithiam hminthang a si. Anih cun vandumkulh ra piansuahnak ah tidai hi a bulhram a si a ti. Thales hin Milesian Tlawng a din ih ca a zirh. BC zabi paruk thoknak lam ih rak um Pythagorus khal in ni hi vandumkulh laifang ah a um a rak ti.

Hiti vek ih van boruak thuhla ruat le zingzoi phah in an umnak leilungpi umtudan khal an ngaihven phah a si hmang. BC 550 hrawngah khurramlam mithiam (geographist) Anaximander in Mediteranian tipithuanthum kiangkap khurram zuk a rak suai. Anaximander hi Thales ih Milesian Tlawng ah a rak kai ih, anih in Anaximenes le Pythagoras hi a zirh sawng ve hai mi an si. Himi caan ah Greek pawl cun Mediteranian tipithuanthum ihsn Atlantic tifinriat an thlir ban zo. Himi san thotho ah Hecalaeus (BC 500 hrawng) in ‘Circuit of the Earth’ timi cabu a rak ngan ve.

Hibang san lai thotho ahhin khuarelthil hliakhlaitu Leucippus le Miletus siseh, ramsa pawl ih taksa pawl zaidarh ih nungca umtudan hliakhlaitu Alcameon siseh, an suak ve hai. BC 425 ah Hippocrates (BC 460 – 377) khal in natnak umtudan hliakhlainak a si mi siivailam zirnak tlawnginn a din. Hippocrates hi siivai thiamnak khaipa ti’n an ko ih, a rak duansuah mi dan le dun khal tuini tiang in hman a si lai. Siivai thuhla cabu pawl tla a rak ngan fawn.

Siivai lam thiamnak le dengfelphung hi calai thawn an pehpar aw tuk lo nan an rak hman mi thutluangtlam (prose) ningkhawng in lehhnu lam ih rotling calai kutsuak pawl ah keneh a run nei vivo. Tawi le fel, fiangfai zet ih thutluangtlam ngandan hmang hmaisatu cu dengfelphung mithiam le siivailam mithiam pawl an si ruangah annih khal tarlang hrelh a rem ve lo.

Thurelthiamnak

Thurelthiamnak (oratory) hi Greek san ahcun an rak sunsak zet ih, thiamzung (art) thupi pakhat ah rak ret mi a si ve. Tuisan ahcun thurelthiamnak hi thuhla duansuah cia thiamnak ih qhum aw bik in ngai a si ruangah, thiamzung khawvel sungih um tuk nawn lo ah ruat a si. Asinan thurelthiam pawl ih qongkam bungrua pawl kha canganthiam pawl in an calai kutsuak ih an hman cang a um qheu lawng si lo in, mi qhenkhat cu canganthiam le thurelthiam an si kop qheu ruangah thurelthiamnak le calai hin pehparawknak an nei ve.

Greek cangantu pawl in an ca sung ah mithiam, mifim le qong hmuithiam pawl ih qongkam kha an hman mi qongkam vekvek ih an ngan luh qheu ruanagh siseh, Plato tivek ih cabu ah biakawknak pianhmang hman a si ruangah an thurelthiam pawl khal in an calai an rak thuam mawi nasa ve ah a cang. Greek pawl hin thurelthiamnak hi an rak uar zet ruangah thurelthiam zirnak tlawng tiang din in an rak zirh aw qheu.

Greek miphun thurelthiam Lysias (BC 450 – 380 hrawng) hi a hmin a thang zet. Greek khawtlang dan ih zuu an qhumawknak ah hektu le hek mi ih thubuai relsaktu ding cu qong hmuithiam pawl an hmang qheu. Asinan Athens khawpi ahcun Athens rammi sinak neitu lawng in thu relsaktu an quan thei. Lysias cun Athens rammi sinak a neih lo ruangah tlanghmun ih thurelsak ding in siseh, hruaitu pawl ih rel ding mi thu siseh ca in a rak ngansak sawn qheu. Curuangah Lysias hi a qong dah lo mi qonghmuithiam ti khal in an ko qheu (John Macy).

Lysias thawi’ sanzul ih nung thurelthiam dang pakhat cu Isocrates (BC 436 – 388) a si. Anih cun thureldan zirnak tlawnginn tla a din ih zirhnak a nei qheu.

Qonghmuithiam pawl lak khal ih cuangmuarbik cu Demosthenes (BC 384 – 322 hrawng) a si. Demosthenes hi a rothil kiltu pawl ih bumnak ruangah a hlawnthilri an riaral thluh. Cumi thubuai ih zuu a qhumh qum ah qongkam hman a thiam lo ruangah a sung dah (New Standard Encyclopaedia). Himi thu hi thungai a si le si lo a fiang ciah lo. Asinan Demosthenes in thureldan kalhmang thungaithlak ih a zir thu cu thu fiangfel a si. A zuamnak ruangah a qhangso zet ih a san lai ahcun anih tluk ih thurelthiam an rak um lo ti a si.

Demosthenes san ah Macedonia siangpahrang Philip in Greek ram hmuahhmuah neh in a fapa Alexander Ropi hrangah Kumpiram a rak din. Cumi cu Demosthenes hin a duh lo zet ih ren lo baksak in a rak relsia. Cui’ a relsiatnak pawl cu Phillipics timi cabu ah ngankhum a si. Athens khawpi sung mipi in Demosthenes ih ramkhellam cangvaihnak ruangah sunlawihnak lukhum an pek qum ah, Philip siangpahrang lam qang pakhat thawn thucuhawknak (debate) an nei. Cumi thucuhawknak qongkam kha De Corona cabu ah ngankhum a si.

Himi thurelthiam pawl ih qongkam bungrua in Greek thutluangtlam ngandan kalhmang cu tampi a qhansohter.