Greek Calai Romual 3 (Mi Ropi Homer)

Greek Calai Romual

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Mi Ropi Homer

Calai kan timi ahhin simsin calai (oral literature) le ngansuah calai (written literature) a um. Simsin calai hi a thoknak, a um hmaisa sawn qheu. Greek calai khal simsin calai in a thok ve. Tuini tiang ih kan hmuh ban cin Greek calai sanphung lamzin pi ih bulhram pi cu Homer ih bezai fing hnih, Iliad le Odessey, hi an si. Bawivung le phaileng an rak sak bang in Greek mithiam Homer khal in a bezai hi a rak sak ve a si men thei. Amahlawngte Homer timi minung hi a um ngaingai maw timi thusuhnak khal a um ve.

San ziangmawzat ih bezaipu turu zetzet pawl in a sulhnu an thlun hngulhngo mi, leitlun rootling calai hmun tam zet ih a keneh tanta theitu bezai rak phuahtu Homer hi a rak um ngaingai pei maw ti hi mifim, mithiam tam zet elawknak suaktertu a si. Homer timi hi minung pakhat ih hmin maw, mi bur pakhat hmin a si, timi hi a relfiang thei ngaingai tu an um lo. Culai ah khawpi hrekkhat cun Homer cu kanmai’ khaw suak a si ti’n an rak uanpi ve thung (Mya Than Tint, Saya Mya Than Tint Nhint Naingantakar Sarpay Shukhinn, Nay Ye Ye, First Edition, December 2008).

Jesuh suah hlan zabi panga le pali hrawng, Greek calai le sanphung bulhram a sawhhngetawk thok ihsin sanphung mithiam le calai sanphung mithiam pawl in Homer ih thuhla an rak zingzoi thok. Mi bur pakhat kawhnak hmin a si maw si lo timi thu run pu luttu cu German mithiam Frederick Wolf (zabi 18) a si. Asinan annih pawl khal kanmah vek thotho in thuhla fiangfai an hmu thei hrih ve lo. Arpi maw arti a um hmaisa timi thubuai bang in an herkual rero hrih. Mithiam le mithiam lo kan bangrepnak zawn ve cu a si hrih.

Asinan Homer ih kutsuak bezai cu hlovai lo ih a um hlei ah a bezai sung ih a tarlang mi Troy khawpi siatral thu khal sanphung hliakhlaitu pawl in thilthleng taktak a si thu an hmusuak fawn. Curuangah Homer hi a rak um ngaingai a si ding tiah a zumtu mithiam tam zet an um. Cu pawl lak khal ah Homer timi hmin hi mi pakhat, bulpak hmin a si ding ti zumtu tam zet an um.

Homer a rak um ngaingai ti ih zumtu mithiam pawl in Homer a rak tlanlen lai can an vun hisap tikah BC 850 hi an pom tlang. Himi san lai ah mitcaw bezaipu ropi zet cun khaw tin fang in a bezai pawl a rak samh, a rak sak ding tiah an ruat. Thuanthu sau zet a sak ih rak saktu pawl hi Rhapsodoi ti ih an rak kawh ruangah Rhapsodoi ti cu awthlung mawihnai zet ih bezai ceibawl mi relnak qongfang ah a rung cang ta. Hivek ih bezai rak sak hi BC 540 tiang ah a um lai ti a si.

Homer ih bezai pawl ca ih run ngankhum tu cu Peisistratus a si. Peisistratus hi BC zabi paruk san lai minung a si hmang. Peisistratus in a rak ngankhum mi kha, Alexandra khawpi an din san ah cui khua ih mithiam pawl in an zohfel sal ih tui’ kan hmuh mi ruang-am ah a rung cang (M. Cary and T. J. Haarhoff). Hivek bezai saupi, rampi buainak le pacang qha pawl thuhla phuah mi, pawl hi Nitlaklam ram pawl cun Epic tiah an ko. Epic cu bezai sau zet a si qheu vek in Iliad le Odessey khal hi bu 24 ih qhen a si (Klirlungz, Biazai Rianram, Zolun Computer & Desktop Publishing, 1^st Edition, 2010).

Rel zo bang in Homer in bezai a rak phuah tikah cafung, cati le cahnah thawn si lo in kaa le hna hmang in a rak phuah. Biazai cu a tir ah kaa ih samhsuah mi in a rak thok kan ti zo kha. ‘A tir ah’ vun ti ruangah phungphai thlu lemlo, khunkhan lo tete ih phuah qukqak mi men tinak a si lo. Ziangahtile an qongfang rak remkhawmdan zoh tikah tulai san ih bezai qha kan timi pawl tluk ih manmual nei an si. Homer ih bezai awkhiah (rhythm) tla cu lehhnu lam bezaipu pawl in an tluk thei hrih lo ti a si.

‘Thing kuakuai le zo senhri bang kan qian miarmo maw’ tivek le ‘Aanthu thiam te siamso kei in lo ngai sawn lang’ tivek pawl hi cangan kan neih hlan ih phuah mi an si hai nan tui san tiang ah a hnak ih qha kan sualsuak thei hrih hrot lo. Cuvek in, thuanthu rel thiam zet, qongfang hmandan thiam zet Homer ih kutsuak khal in kum 2800 lenglo a run paltlangh ih fala pianthiamle hmel qha bang in leitlun hmuntin ah a mawinak a rung pholang aw rero thei lai a si.

Iliad

Iliad timi cu Ilium khawpi thuhla phuah mi bezai tican a si. Ilium timi cu Greek pawl in Troy khawpi an kawhnak hmin a si. Troy khawpi hi Agean tipithuanthum le Tipithuanthum Dum (Black Sea) pehzomtertu Dardanelles tipibi ih nitlaklam kotsuah ah a um. Troy khawpi umnak hmun hi hlansan thilri hliakhlaitu pawl in an laihsuah tikah Troy Tluksiatnak (The Fall of Troy) timi hi phuahcop thuanthu men si lo in a cang taktak mi a si ding tiah an zum.

Iliad hi Homer ih kutsuak cungcuang a si ih leitlun calai khawvel ah tohkham sang a co ban rinring tu calai kutsuak a si. A sung thuhla a tawinak in vun tarlang sehla:

Khuavang pathian hmuahhmuah uktu Zeus ih fanu Pallas Athene asilole Athena (Minerva), Zeus ih nupisur Hera (Juno) le Aphrodites (Venus) pawl cu minu hmelqha hrilnak ah an zuam aw. A hriltu ding ih an ruat mi cu Troy siangpahrang ih fapa Paris a si. Paris in a hril mi kha sui apple rah pe ding a si. Paris cun Venus a pe. Curuangah Venus khal in Paris cu a qulhainak ah a bawm ve. Culai ah Paris cun Sparta siangpahrang Menelaus ih nupi, hmel qha hminthang Helen ngai in a zun a tuar. Venus cun Helen cu Paris duh ding in a thlem ih, Paris in Helen cu ru in anmai’ ram ah a tlantlung pi.

Curuangah Sparta le Troy khawpi-ram pahnih cu an do aw. Hmel qha hrilnak ih amah hril lo tu Paris parih ningna zet Hera cun Sparta lam a bawm. Sparta in khawpi-ram dang khal ral do bawm ding in a sawm. Mihuaisen hminthang Achilles khal, an siangpahrang Agamemnon thlun in Sparta lam bawmtu ah a qang ve. Achilles hi a suah pek ah a nu in thihtheilonak tiva sungah a kebeu ih kai in a hnim pil. Curuangah a taksa dang ah thi ding ko ih hliam theinak a um lo. Asinan a nu in a kaihnak zawn a kebeu cu a ciar ve lo ruangah cutawk zawn cu tuahmawh theinak umsun a si. An doawk tir ah Achilles ih ral-kaih-sal fala mawi zet kha  Agamemnon in a thlah zalen sak ruangah Achilles cu a ngoltau. Cui fala cu amai’ kaih mi a si ruangah amai’ ta a si ve fawn. Curuangah raldo khal bawm duh lo in a um lawk.

Achilles tel lo sungah Troy siangpahrang Priam ih fapa (Trojan siangpahrang fa) upa deuh Hector cun nehnak a co vivo. Sparta lam an duai deuhdeuh. Archilles ih rualpi qhabik, a unau tluk ih a ruah mi, Patroclus hman a thah sak. Cutikah Achilles ih thinhengnak cu a sosang. A nui’ hnenah soser thiam khuavang pathian Vulcun ih ser mi ralphaw a dil ih, Hector tawng ding in a feh. An tawng-awk hlan ah Hector in, “Ka thih asile ka ruang hi ka nu le pai’ hnenah in pek sak aw, qhate’n in vui theinak ding ah,” ti’n zangfah a dil cia.

Asinan an do aw ih Hector a duai ngaingai tikah, a unaupa thattu a si ruangih thinheng sosang hliahlia Achilles cun Hector ih ruak cu a ngalrek in a qawn ih anmai’ riahbuk ah rangleng thawn a dirh tlung. Patroclus ih ruak an vui hnu lawng ah a sir aw sal ih, Hector ih ruak cu Troy ralbuk ah a kuat kir sal. Hivek ih mithi a hmuhsuam ruangah Achilles hi lehhnu lam minung pawl in an ngaidam thei lo ti a si. Greek thuanthucawn ah Achilles hi mi qha ih an rel dahlonak san khal mithi a hmuhsuam ruangah a si ding tiah an zum (John Drinkwater, The Outline of Literature).

Sparta le Troy an doawk rei thlang hnu ah Sparta pawl in Troy khawpi kiang ah rang lem tumpi an tuah ih, a sungah ralthiam pacang qha pawl an lut thupter hai. Cuihnu ah ralkap burpi cu tlung ding bang in an kir ih, Troy ihsi a langlonak zawn tipithuanthum ah long thawn an relh. Troy khawpi ih mipipawl cun an ral pawl cu an tlung ngaingai ah an ruat ih an lung a awi zet. Sparta pawl ih tanta mi rang lem tumpi khal an siangpahrang ih ho in khawpi sung ah an dir lut.

Zan a rung thleng ih, Troy mipi an ihthah laifang ah rang lem sung ih relh ralthiam pawl cu suak thup in Troy khawpi cu an ur ciamco. Sparta ralkap pawl khal an ra kir sal lohli ih Troy khawpi cu an suasam thluh. Asinan nehtulam ih qang Achilles cu a kedil kherkher ah thal in an sai ngah ih a thi.

Himi hi Iliad bezai ih thuhla a tawinak a si. Ralbuai timi rengreng cu thinhengnak ih hrambun a si vek in Iliad sung khal ah Achilles ih thinhengnak kan hmu thei. A pawnlang ih zoh cun Achilles ih huaisennak, raldo thiamnak, le cahnak huham tarlangnak a bang nan a tumtah mi ngaingai cu Achilles ih thinlingnak thuhla a si sawn a bang (John Drinkwater, The Outline of Literature). Rel zo bang in, Greek lungngai thuanthucawn (tragedy) pawl ah Achilles hin a qha lam ih rel a hlawh qheulonak san cu mithi ruak a hmuhsuam ruangah a si bik ding tiah ruah a si. Achilles hi a kedil ih tuahmawh lawng ah a thi thei mi a si ruangah, mi tlamtling zet asilole thil tlamtling  ih lang mi ah a rak um pang mi tlamtlinlonak zawn pakhat te um mi kha ‘Achilles ih kedil’ tiah qongthimnak a rung um lanta.

Odessey

Troy ralbuai ah nehnak an co hnu ah ralkap pacang qha pawl cu mai’ khua le ram, mai’ inn lam pan in an tlung hai. Paris ih ruk mi Helen khal siangpahrang Menelaus in a lon sal ih amai’ lalnak Sparta khawpi ah a tlunh. Asinan ralbawi Odesseus (Latin qong in Ulysses an ti) cu inn a tlunnak zin ah buainak phunphun tong in kum hra sung rori hmunzakip ah a tawivak. A khualtlawn pi cu khuavang pathian Apollo ih pek mi qingqang neitu Orpheus a si.

An lamzin tluan ah mikei ram, khawsia ram le dawithiam ram tivek a phunphun an tong. Hnoksaknak le thlemnak phunphun khal an tong. Lasi ram an thlen qum ah kumkhua ih nung, a tar khal tar thei lo lasi fala in a nupi phatsan ih amah nei ding khal in a rak thlem. Cutivek thlemnak phunphun paltlangh ih a feh vivo nak ah mithikhua khal a vung thleng fawn. Mithikhua ahcun a thi zo mi a nu, siangpahrang Agamemnon (ral neh ih a tlun hnu, amai’ ram ah a nupisur in a rak thah), Achilles le Hercules pawl tla a vung tong hai. Mithikhua ihsin a inn lam thuthang a hun thei.

Ralbawi Odesseus um lo sungah a nupi Penelope khal a pasal phatsan in anmah nei ding ih heltu le vehvaitu pawl ruangah vansang a rak lam ve. Curuangah a nunau fim suah in ka rang (pasal ih pa) hrangih puan ka tah qheh hnu lawng ah ka pasal ding ka hril leh ding tiah a sim hai. Sun ah puan a tah ih zan ah a phelh kir thluh sal qheu. Himi sung ah a fapa Telemachus in tluangzakip fang in a pa a rak hawl, a thuhla a ngaicang vivo.

Ralbawi Odesseus cu mithikhua ihsin an inn a hung thlen tikah midang zohman in an rak theithiam nawn lo. A uico lawng in a rak theithiam. A nupi neih duh ih rak heltu le mi rinum lo pawl in an rak hmuhsuam bet. Cutikah Odesseus cun a nupile fate kha an pasal le an pa a si thu a simtheih hnu ah mi rinum lo pawl cu a thah  thluh hai. Cutin, Odesseus le Penelope tei’ pahnih tonawksalnak ah Odessey bezai cu a cem.

Iliad le Odessey hi a sung thuhla, a thuhla fehdan, thuhla ceibawldan pawl zoh tikah mi turu zet pakhat ih kutsuak a si a zum um. A si lo hman ah phunhnam turu zet pakhat ih kutsuak tal cu a si hrimhrim ding tiah ruat a theih (Mya Than Tint, Saya Mya Than Tint Nhint Naingantakar Sarpay Shukhinn). Mithiam pawl cun leitlun calai ah hihnak ih thinqhawng theitu thuanthu a mal zet ding tiah Odessey hi an fak qheu.

A thuanthu khawngkham (plot) remawk dan ah Odessey hi Iliad hnak in a qhasawn ti a si. Iliad bezai sung ih Achilles hnak in Odessey sung ih Odesseus (Ulysses) hi pacang qha tlamtling a si sawn. Achilles cu a rualpi phatsantu le amah hnak ih minung tlamtling par ih nehnak cotu a si kan ti thei; Hector kha amah hnakih tlamtling a si ruangah. Iliad sung ih an doawknak pawl ahcun khuavang pathian pawl hrolhawknak le lairelnak khal a tel tam.

Asinan Odesseus cu a khawruahdan a fim, a thin a sau, thu dung thu hmai khal tlamtling zet in a ruat qheu. A zuamnak le hlawhtlinnak khal minung hmuahhmuah thawn a pehpar aw mi, minung khawruahnak par ih hrambun a si. Superman ti tlak a si ih, leitlun ih thuanthu cangtu (character) hmuahhmuah lakih cungcuangbik pakhat ti ding tlak a si (Mya Than Tint – Saya Mya Than Tint Nhint Naingantakar Sarpay Shukhinn).

Thuanthu roling (myth) sungih cangtu pawl hin khihhmuh mi pahnih an nei qheu. Odesseus hi Ni pathian ih fapa pakhat aiawhtu, a nupi Penelope hi Qhaltir aiawhtu ti’n an ret. Ni pathian cu a innsangnu Qhaltir hnenah a rat lung ih a nupi rak ngiartu (rak heltu) a ral Thlatang (a nupi ngiartu mipa pawl) a ra do neh. Ni pathian in tar thei lo, thi thei lo lasi ih thlemnak tlansan in a nupi hnenih a ra kir bang in a nupi khal in rinumte’n a rak hngak. Rinumnak umdan langtertu a si.

A dang pakhat leh ahcun Penelope hi Thlapi lasi fala a si ih Ni pathian thawn an qhen aw. Lehhnu ah Ni pathian cu a nupi Thlapi lasi fala hnenah a ra kir sal tiah an ti. Amahlawngte hivek thuanthu roling sullam phorhsuah hi cu mithiam pawl quanvo le anmah lawng ih ti theih thil a si deuh. Kannih mipi hrang ahcun rel sau deuhdeuh len a hnok deuhdeuh tla a si thei. Cuvek khavek in a sullam an khaikhin qheu, an phorhsuak qheu ti kan theih cun duhtawk thawkhat hrih mei sehla.

Odessy bezai hi lehhnu lam bezaipu pawl par khal ah huvang a ngah zet. Mipi menmen hrang khal ah siar a nuam hrimhrim. Roman bezaipu hminthangbik Virgil cun amai’ phuah mi Ulysses bezai sungah Ulysses hi mi depde le hrokhrawl in a phuah ve thung. Homer in misual ih a ret mi Trojan sawn kha mi qha ah a ret. Italian bezaipu hminthangbik Dante khal in a bezai ‘Mithikhua’ timi ah Ulysses ih thidan uar zet in a phuah. Himi hi Roman le Italian pawl cithlahtu cu Troy siangpahrang sungkua an si timi thuanthu ruangah Virgil le Dante hin an pupa an qan deuhnak ruang khal ah a si thei. English bezaipu Tennyson vet hung cun a bezai Ulysses sung ah Ulysses hi mi qha in a phuah ve.

Iliad le Odessey bezai sungih minung pawl cangvaihdan thuhla ah khuavang pawl in lam qang nei ih an bom ton thu tampi a lang. Minung hualvan hi khuavang pawl in an kil ti a theih ding. A cancan ahcun khuavang lairelnak thusuak ruangah khuavang qhenkhat cu mai’ qan mi minung run thei lo ih an um tawk khal a um ve.

Hector le Achilles an doawk ahkhan khuavang lairel tonkhawmnak cun Achilles in neh she tiah thutluknak an tuah ruangah Hector qantu khuavang pawl cu an cang thei nawn lo. Ulysses khal Neptune khuavang pathian in a hnoksak rero nan Olympian khuavang pawl in a inn thleng she ti ih an relcat ruangah raldo lasi Minerva in Ulysses cu a kilveng ih inn ah himdamte’n a tlunter. Greek khuavang pawl cu minung umtudan thawn an naiawk zet ruangah minung picang deuh pawl ti ih ko khal an um (M. Cary and T. J. Haarhoff).

Phunhnam qhangso zo pawl cun Iliad le Odessey bezai hi anmai’ qong te’n an let thluh zo. Chinmi in phunhnam picang qong lakih kan thiam tambik mi Mirang qong khal in version tam zet a suak zo. Bezai kalhmang thawi’ leh mi khal a um ih thutluang thawi’ leh mi khal a um. Zaran mipi hrang ahcun thutluangtlam ih leh mi siar a qha sawn tiah calai mithiam pawl in an sim.

Iliad le Odessey bezai Mirang qong ih lettu Chapman cun, “Calai kutsuak phunphun lakah Homer ih bezai ropi pawl hi a qha cungcuangbik an si,” a rak ti hngehnge. Chapman ih lehlin kutsuak a rak siartu bezaipu hminthang John Keats khal in Chapman ih ca lehlin thiamzia a sunlawihnak “On First Looking into Chapma’n Homer” bezai cu rootling bezai ah a rung cang ta. Homer ih bezai cu a hlun deuhdeuh nan a tleu sinsin mi lungmankhung bang in ‘kum a liam in a khung sinsin’ a si bik ko.

Bezai Sau Dang pawl

Homer hnu ah a dungthlun ih ngan mi bezai sau tampi a um ti a si. Greek khuavang pathian thangqhatnak hla pawl khal an um fawn. A tlangpi thu in bezai sau pawl ih thuhmaihruai vek deuh ih phuah mi an si. Asinan Homer dungthlun ih bezai sau phuahtu tampi cu zo an si ti theihsuah an si hrih lo. Cuitlun ah bezai sau tampi cu an hmuihmel hmuh ding a tang nawn lo. An rak um ti lawng theih an si.

Homer ih dung run thluntu lak ah BC zabi pariat lai ih Hesiod hi a hmin a thang. ‘Hnaquan le Nithla pawl’ timi catlang zariat hrawng sau bezai pakhat, le ‘Pathianpawl Rungqumnak’ timi catlang thawng khat lenglo sau bezai pakhat a ngan. Anih khal hin ralram ih thi pacang qha hmuhsuamtu Achilles cu a ret se nasa. Cun Theogony timi ah Greek khuavang pathian thuhla pawl cipciar le felfai zet in a ngan fawn.

Amai san lai ahcun Hesiod hi Homer tluk in a rak lar ve. Asinan lehhnu ih fakseltu pawl in Hesiod hi Homer thawn bangran ih ret a tlak lo, a thuhla relbawldan a niam deuh an ti. Epic diktak a phuah lo, a thluathlam lawng an si an ti. Hesiod hin lothlo pawl le long hnaquantu pawl hrang khal ah bezai tampi a phuan nan an hlovai thluh. Neta lam ah epic bezai a rung cuai vivo. BC 700 luan hrawng ahcun tleizun (elegy – mithi ngainak bezai) le lyric timi, awnmawi’ thawi’ remh mi bezai an rung lar.