Italian Calai Romual
Bung 1
San Laita Umtudan
San
Laita (400 – 1453) a thlen hlan kum 200 hrawng ahcun Roman Kumpiram sirhsan
Europe khawmualpi calai cu a luang lo mi tiva vek in a um. Ziangahtile himi san
ah Goths miphun, Greek miphun, Lombards miphun le Franks miphun tivek pawl in
Roman pawl a hahate’n an do, an ram an laksak, an uk. England tikulh khal Angle
miphun, Saxon miphun, Norman miphun le Dane miphun tivek pawl in an rak la dah.
A hleice in Goths miphun pawl le nunphung hngetkhoh ngai nei mumal lo miphun
tesep pawl in Roman Kumpiram an kekkuaiter. Curuangah R”oman Kumpiram ukawkdan
a ralmuang lo, a rualrem thei lo0, remdaihnak a leng thei lo ih ram dang miphun
dang thaw khal in rualremte ngai in an pehtlaih aw ttha thei mumal nawn lo.
San
Laita hi kum 1000 lenglo a rei. A hmaisa kum 500 hi San Thim (Dark Age) ti’n an
ko. Himi caan ah Italy ram neitu miphun pawl cu Khristian sakhaw tlawnginn le a
leng tlawnginn pawl ah ca an zir. Asinan Latin qong le calai an thlah ngaingai
thei hrih lo. Roman cin le dan ih ropitnak maksak ruangah Latin qong ih ngan mi
rotling calai cu an uar in an ngaisang. Latin ttong hi a rem leilung neitu, a
ram ih cengtu miphun pawl ih ttong a si lo timi an theifiang lohli thei lo
(Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 12).
Calai
lam ih run hman lar mi Italian ttong cu Sicily tikulh horkuam ttong (dialect) le
Tuscan ramkulh horkuam ttong cawhpohl aw ih rung suak mi a si (U Pe Maung Tin –
World of Language). Nunphung tlamtling mumal nei lo miphun pawl in Italian pawl
an uk nan, cu pawl cu cangan le casiar khal an thiam lo. Curuangah Italian pawl
in anmah uktu pawl kha Khristian ah canter in nunphung ttha le nuncan ziaza mawi
an rak zirh lehlam (Horstein, Percy & Brown – kawhhmuh zo). Hmansehla uktu
sawn ciangkuang lo lal san ti na nana cu an calai le nunphung a tthangso
ziktluak thei ngaingai lo.
Latin Khristian Calai
Hivek
san sia ah Khrih ih thuthangqha pawl an hlohvailonak ding in Khristian hruaitu
pawl in Latin ttong hmang in an rak kilhim. Hebru le Greek ttong ih ngan mi Bible
Cathiang kha Mithiang Jerome in Latin ttong in a rak let. Kawhhran Pa pawl khal
in an veizawng thuhla le Khristian thurin phunphun cu Latin ttong in an rak
ngan.
Himi
caan ah Mithiang Augustine (354 – 430) a hung suak. Augustine ih nu Monica hi
zumnak hnget zet nei ih Khristian sakhaw thluntu a si. Asinan a pa cu Khrihfa a
si lo. A nu in Augustine a pianthar theinak ding ah thla a camsak qheu.
Augustine hi kum 20 a kim tiang Africa saklam ih um Carthage khawpi ah tlawng a
kai ih, Roman calai mithiam Cicero le Virgil ih kutsuak calai pawl a thei nel
zet. Carthage khawpi ahhin kum tawkfang sung tlawng saya a ttuan. AD 383 ah
Italy ram, Rome khawpi ah a tthawn. Cuihnu ah Milan khawpi ah a tthawn lala.
Cui
caan ah a nu Monica a ra ih Augustine a pianthar theinak ding ah thlacamnak le
nunsimnak thawn a zuam. AD 386 ah Augustine cu a piangthar ih a nu cu a lung a
awi zet. A nu Monica hin Augustine a pianthar theinak ding ah kum 25 sung thla
a camsak ti a si. A pianthar hnu in Khrih ih rong bawl ding in a suahsemnak
lungrawn khaw lam pan in an tlung. Asinan vansiat thlak zet in, Rome khawpi
longcawlhhmun an thlen ah a nu in rin lo pi in a thih san. Augustine khal
beidong riahsia in Hippo khawpi ah a va ceng. 391 kum ah Bishop a ttuan. 395 ah
Archbishop a hung si. Himi sungah cabu 230 hrawng Latin ttong in a ngan.
Calai
mithiam pawl in Augustine hi Roman calai ih minung netabik, San Laita Italian
calai ih minung hmaisabik, a si tiah an pom (Horstein, Percy & Brown –
kawhhmuh zo). A cabu pawl lak ah Phuansuahawknak pawl (Confessions) le Pathian
ih Khawpi (The City of God) hi calai sanphung ih sengh tel an si (John
Drinkwater – kawhhmuh zo). AD 400 kum ih Goths miphun pawl in Rome khawpi an
suasam lai a hmuh tikah a sungrilnun a khoih tuk ih himi cabu pahnih hi a ngan
an ti.
Osgtrogoths
siangpahrang Theodoric san ah Roman khawruahphung mithiam Boethius (480 – 524
hrawng) a rak um. A tir ah siangpahrang thuron khawnbawl upa a si lawk nan neta
lam ah siangpahrang in a thah. Thah ding ih thawng an thlak lai ah ‘Consolation
of Philosophy’ timi cabu a ngan. A cabu in Dante le Chaucer a hliahkhuh
(Horstein, Percy & Brown – kawhhmuh zo).
Himi
san lai ah Italian pawl in an thuanthu roling pawl hmanh Latin ttong in an rak
ngan. Ramsa pawl ih thuanthu (Saberek ih Khuangcawi thuanthu vek) pawl kha
Latin biazai kalhmang thawn an rak ngan. An rak ngan hmaisabik mi cu ‘Ecbasis
captivi’ a si. 1150 kum ah ‘Ysengrimus’ timi cinghnia thuanthu a rak suak ih a
lar zet hmang. French calai ih ‘Le Roman de Renard’ (Renard sehal thuanthu) le
German calai ih ‘Reinhart Fuchs’ (Reinhart sehal thuanthu) pawl hi Italian pawl
in Latin qong ih an rak ngan mi ramsa thuanthu pawl thawn an hnawihnih aw
(Horstein, Percy & Brown – kawhhmuh zo).
Mai’ Anka Te Cingcing
Khristian
calai cu Latin qong in daih le kimcang te’n a rak huap thei tla a si men ding.
Asinan anmai nunphung ihsi rung par suak mi thuanthu roling, zatlang hla (folk
song) le zatlang biazai pawl ih manmual le hmual cu ttong dang ih aiawh theih
thil an si lo ruangah, mai horkuam ttong te thawn an rak lunglenpi thotho. San
Laita qhenhnihnak lam a rung thlen lephei cun nitlaklam European nunphung cu
Italy ah a rung lut nasa ih, cumi in Latin ttong cu dung ah a sipter vivo.
San
Laita thok lam ah Africa saklam ram ih Moa miphun pawl in 711 ihsin 1492 kum
tiang Spain ram an rak uk. Moa pawl hii Arab hrin an si vek in biazai le hla an
ngaina zet. Phirivau le qingriset thawi sak mi thuanthu biazai an sak qheu.
Phirivau le ttingriset keng in khaw tin, ram tin fang vivo ih vak ttheu Arab pawl
cun, an thlennak hmun ih mipi pungkhawm pawl hmai ah ding in thuanthu biazai cu
an sak ttheu.
Cu
pawl ih awnmawi biazai cu French ram thlanglam Provence ihsin Italy ram saklam,
laili, thlanglam le Sicily tikulh tiang in a ra thleng. Cui ram fang awnmawi
biazaipu pawl cu Troubadour (sersuaktu) tiah an ko. Hi pawl ih biazai pawl hi
Italian pawl in an uar zet ih zabi 13 thok lam ah an cawng thok ve. Genoa le
Venice khawpi ih minung pawl in ram fang awnmawi bezaipu pawl ih samh le sak mi
siangpahrang Arthur thuanthu le thuanthu dangdang khal French ttong ihsin anmai ttong ah an rak let. Mitthen cun thiam le thiam lo in amah French ttong lala in an
ngan. Hivek ih midang tidan cawn lam ah Sicily tikulh ih um pawl an turubik.
Curuangah Italy biazai khawvel ah Sicilian bezaipu pawl timi mi bur hman an um
phah hngehnge (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 12).
Himi
san lai ih saklam Italy ram ahcun saklam French ramih biazai pawl amah amah in
an rak la lut, an rak cawng ve. Himi ruangah French le Italian ttong rawi aw
biazai tla an suah phah (Joseph T. Shipley (ed.) - Encyclopaedia of Literature,
Philosophical Library, 1946). Italy ram laili hrawng ahcun Assisi khaw mi St.
Francis (1182 – 1226) ih hohanak in mai anka le calai hmang uar ding ih
canghvaihnak a rak um. Mithiang Francis hin ca khal awmang tawk a ngan.
Sicilian pawl ih calai canghvaihnak kha Tuscanian pawl in an hmuh tikah
Troubadour pawl ih biazai kalhmang thlun in anmai biazai an rak sersuak ve. A
tir ah duhdawtnak lam biazai, lehhnu ah hnihsuak le deusiah biazai tivek pawl
an rung tthangso.
Italian
calai mithiam pawl in bezaipu Magnano (1230 hrawng – 1275 hrawng) hi Italian
lyric biazai lamzin ah ‘a hlun hlonh, a thar tonh’ tu a si tiah an ti. A tidan
cawng in Sicilian biazai kalhmang sihrsan ih Tuscanian biazai thar sersuahnak
ah Guido Guinizelli (1240 – 76) in a hoha. Hmansehla phung thar thlunlotu
Tuscanian bezaipu Guittone d’Arezzo (1235 – 1294) sawn hi Tuscanian biazai ih
sutpiban sawn cu a si. Himi san ah phung thar thlun ih ‘a qul bet, a hlei ret’
vivo zuamtu an rung suak. Cu pawl lak ah Guido Cavalcanti (1259 – 1300) hi Dante
thawn hmaihruai tlang tu a si (Joseph T. Shipley – kawhhmuh zo).
Zabi
13 tiang ahcun Tuscanian horkuam ttong ih ngan mi thutluang hmuh ding a um tuk
lo. Asinan nunau hrik zoh bang ih kan kau, kan thaisuah tum hrat ahcun Julius
Caesar ih thuhla, nisuahlam ram le Greek thuanthu roling, Bible ca le sanphung
malte hlei ah 1298 ih ngan mi Marco Polo ih thuhla tivek cu kan hmu thei.
Tuscanian horkuam ttong a rung darh kau vio hnu in Italian qong a rung tungding
aw khawsuak thei. Hivek rung si thei ding ih zuamtu lakah bezaipu ropi
Alighieri Dante (1256 – 1321) hi a hmin a thangbik.
Mi Ropi Dante
Dante
hi Florence khawpi ih suak a si. A pa cu Alighiero di Bellincione a si ih, a nu
cu Bella a si. Kum kua a ti ah amai kum rualpi (khukhri) Beatrice timi nauhak nu
a hmu dah. Cumi ihsin cu nu te cu a thupte’n a ngai. Kum 20 a kim ihsin a
duhdawtnak cu sonnet bezai in a phuah. Asinan Beatrice cun cui bezai thawtnak
the cu rel lo, a siar hman a siar ngah lo. A kum a hung upat in pasal ah mipa
dang a nei ih, kum 35 a ti kum ah a thi. Beatrice a thih tikah Dante cun a
bezai fing 31 cu simfiangnak thutluang thawn a ngan. Cui bezai pawl cu Italian
calai ah ‘Nun Thar Biazai’ (La Vita Nuova) ti’n an hmin a thang.
Cuihnu
ah Dante khal Gemma Donati timi nupi a tthi. Florence khawpi sung ih ramkhellam
ah a hrolh lut aw ve. Asinan Ramkhel Party dangang ih an rung kuaidarh sal
tikah nehnak cotu party in party dang an rekbet vivo. Himi ruangah Dante khal
Florence khawpi ihsin dawisuah a tuar. Dawisuah a tuar lai ah tluangzakip hrawng
vivo phah in Divina Commedia (Divine Comedy) bezai sau a
ngan. Divine Comedy bezai sau hi Italian ttong ih ngansuah mi calai kutsuak
ropibik (the greatest literary work composed in Italian language) ti a si ih,
leitlun calai (world literature) khawvel khal ah kutsuak cungcuang
(masterpiece) ah mithiam pawl in an pom mi a si.
Divine
Comedy a ngan sung hi 1307 le 1313 sung hrawng a si tiah an zum (Horstein,
Percy & Brown – kawhhmuh zo). Dante cun ‘Comedy’ ti lawng in hmin a pe.
Asinan lehhnulam ah Italian calaimi ropi
Bocaccio in Divina (Divine) timi a run betsak. Lehhnu lam minung pawl khal in a
sung thuhla cu pialrang lam thawn a pehparawk ruangah, le a phuahdan a
tlamtlintuk ruangah Bocaccio ih kawhdan an run thlun hai. Devine timi cu vanram
thawn a pehpar aw mi tican a si ih, tluktu nei lo tican tla a si fawn. Amai san
lai ih an tidan tlangpi a si mi Latin ttong hmang lo in, Florence khawpi
kiangkap ih an hman lar mi Tuscanian ttong a hmannak sanh khal, Latin qong in
cahram pakhat, De vulgari eloquentia, a ngan hngehnge. Himi san lai hi Latin
qong le Europe khawmualpi ih ttong phunphun an sualbuaiawk laitak a si fawn
ruangah Dante hi Qhanghharhnak (Renaissance) sulsattu a si tiah lehhnu lam
minungpawl in an run pom.
Divine
Comedy sung ah Hremhmun tlawn thu (Inferno) , Sual thianfaiternak hmun tlawn
thu, le Vanram fan thu (Paradiso) ti’n qhen thum a um. Tthen khat ah bung 33 cio
an um. A hmaisabik qhen a si mi Hremhmun Tlawn thu ih thuhmaihruai bung khat
thawn kom in bung 100 um ah a cang. Bung khat le bung khat an tawi, sau a bang
aw hrawng cio fawn. Bung khat ah bezai catlang 140 hrawng cio an um. Divine
Comdy bezai sau hi bezai phun khatkhat (tthimnak ah Epic tivek) sung ih ret
theih a si lo. Ziangahtile Divine Comedy cek bezai hi a hlan ah a rak um dah lo
ih, a lehhnu khal ah a rung suak hrih lo (Mya Than Tint). Leitlun calai khawvel
ah amahte’n langsar lellel in a ding.
Divine
Comedy ah Dante hin vanram ih um Beatrice ih hruainak in Hremhmun (Mithikhua),
Sualthianternak Hmun (Mithi khawte) le Vanram (Pialrang) a fan vivo thu a ngan.
Hremhmun
thuhla bung tthen ah Dante cun Roman bezaipu ropi Virgil ih bezai phuahdan
kalhmang a sirhsan ih cumi a ngannak khal ah Virgil ih kaihhruai tel vek in a
ngan. Sual thianternak hmun feh thu bung tthen ahcun Beatrice a ngainatnak
thinlung ah tthum aw in a ngan. Vanram thuhla bung tthen a thlen tikah thutak
umtuzia ruat in leitlun khawvel a remdaihzia, a nom zia a ngan. Hremhmun thuhla a phuahnak ah amai san lai ih
mi hminthang qhenkhat in hremhmun ah ziangvek hremnak an tuar rero timi ziaunak
khal an um (Myanma Swesone Kyan, Vol. 5). Dante in Divine Comedy sung ih a
tumtah mi pakhat cu Beatrice a ngainatzia le Florence khawpi sung ramkhel
umtudan a tenh le huatnak phorhlang ding kha a si. Hrokhrawl depdetnak,
hamqamhnak le huatawknak um lo sehla leitlun hi ziangtluk in a nuam ding timi a
suangtuahnak tarlanghnak khal a si cih ve (Mya Than Tint).
Hitawk
ah cumi san lai ih calai ttong a si mi Latin ttong hnong in, cumi san lai ih ttong
tualleng (vernacular) a si mi amai phunhnam ttong lar so vivo ding ih a zuamnak
thu hi rel ta sehla. Mithiam tam zet in Dante hin Divine Comedy a ngannak ah
Tuscan horkuam ttong a hmang an ti. Amah Dante cun Tuscanian ttong lawng si lo in ttong dangdang ihta a tthattha ka lakhawm a ti. Dik bik ding ih lang cu Florence
khawpi kiangkap hman mi Tuscan horkuam ttong a hmang ti hi a si. Petraca khal in
Tuscan horkuam ttong a hmang. Bocaccio cun Florence horkuam ttong a hmang.
Zabi
16 a thlen tikah Machiavelli le a rualpi pawl in Florence horkuam ttong maw,
Dante, Petraca le Bocaccio pawl ih rak hman mi kha Italian tlang ttong ah kan
hmang ding ti thubuai an run suahpi. Machiavelli cun Florence horkuam ttong a
duh. Asinan ni le khua a rung rei tikah Dante ih rak hmaihruai mi sawn kha a
rung lar so vivo (Encyclopaedia Britannica). Curuangah Dante hi Italian calai
ahcun sutpiban rak phuntu a si kan ti thei.
Dante
cu dawisuah a tuar hnu ah Ravenna khawpi ah a um. Divine Comedy ruangih a hmin
a than laitak, 1321, ah a thi. Himi kum hi Italian calai qhangharnak
(renaissance) thok kum siarnak ah an run hmang.
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