Italian Calai Romual 2 (Italian Qhanghharh San)

Italian Calai Romual

Bung 2

Italian Tthanghharh San

Zabi 14 le 15 lai ah tleuzung (ray of light) pakhat cu Europe khawmualpi ah a rung ttum. A hlan kha cu Thim San a si. Cui tleuzung ttumnak hmun cu Italy ram a si. Cui san cu tthanghharh san tiah an ko. Cumi qhanghharhnak tleuzung cu talent nei qha le mi cuangmuar pawl in tleu sinsin ding ah an somso, an semnung vivo. Tthanghharhnak timi hi French rim a nam ko nan, a muril taktak cu Italy hi a si (Mya Than Tint).

Dante, Petraca (English pawl in Petrarch an ti) le Bocaccio tei’ pathum ah Dante hi a upabik. Francesco Petraca (1304 – 54) kum 17 a ti kum ah Dante a thi. Dante le Petraca ih nu le pa hi rualpi nel aw zet an si ih hlei ah ram sung ihsi dawisuah khal an tuar tlang fawn ruangah ‘qha hlawm aw, sia qawm aw’ an si. Petraca cu Dante tei’ nufa thlazar hnuai ih a qhanlenh hnu ah a hnak ih kum naute Bocaccio thawn rualpi ah an sar aw. Bocaccio cu Dante hi kum riat lai lawng a hmu man.

Annih pathum hi biazai ah an thaw tlang hai. Biazai ih a hnuk luttu boruak an ton mi khal an bang aw hai. Dante cun Beatrice ih zuunkhung ah uai in bezai a phuah. Petraca cun Laura timi innsang nei nunau zuunrim ngai in bezai a phuah. Cu bang in Bocaccio khal in Maria timi pasal nei zo nunau zuun ih uai in bezai a phuah. Bocaccio cu Maria in a fial ruang khal ah a si.

Petraca cu dawisuah tuar a nu le pa thawn hmun dang, ram dang ah a qhanglian ih daan zirnak ah zircawilu (degree) a ngah tiang a zir. Kum 22 a ti ah a pa a thi. Cuihnu cun an dinhmun a qumsuk vivo ruangah Khristian sakhaw miserh ah a lut. Cumi lai hrawngah Laura a hmu ih a thinlung a hngongh zet. Laura a phuahsanh mi bezai pawl thawn a lar so hrethro vivo. Petraca cu Latin ttong a thiam ruangah Latin bezai tla a phuah. Asinan Laura a phuahsanh mi pawl cu Italian ttong tualleng in a si.

Petraca cu a hmin a than hnu ah tluangzakip hrawng in a vak vivo. A thlennak kip ah uktu le bawi pawl siseh, mi zaran pawl in siseh, an rak sunlawih nasa. 1341 khal ah Rome khawpi ah Rampi Bezaipu (Poet Laureate) sinak an hlan. Rampi Bezaipu a si hnu kum kua hrawng ah Bocaccio thawn an tong aw ih, an dam sung hmuahhmuah rualpi qha ah an cang. 1374 kum, July thla sung ah ca siar phah in a thi (Horstein, Percy & Brown – kawhhmuh zo).

A bezai pawl lak ih hminthangbik cu Song Book (Hla Bu) timi a si. 1327 ihsin 1373 tiang a remcan cang ih a phuah phah ringring mi bezai pawl an si ih, fing 317 a um. Himi pawl hi Petraca ih timtuah mi calai kutsuak qhen 20 ih qhen 1 fang a si hrih lai (Buckner B. Trawick – World Literature, Vol. 2, Barnes & Noble, New York, Reprinted 1964). Petraca hi a hmin a thang zet ih amai san lai ah siseh, a thih hnu kum zabi pahnih tiang siseh, Dante hnak hman in a lar sawn (Mya Than Tint).

Petraca ih rualpi Giovanni Bocaccio (1313 – 75) hi Decameron nunthuleng pawl ngantu a si ruangah Europe khawmualpi ih calai khawvel ah mi thupizet pakhat a si. European calai mithiam pawl in Decameron hi nunthuleng hmaisabik tiah an tarlang qheu. Indian rotling calai zoihnittu pawl vet hung cun zabi 8 ih rak nung Dandin ih Dasakumara Sarita hi leitlun nunthuleng hramthoknak a si an ti ve. Zabi 20 ah zabi 11 ih rak nung Japan miphun Murasaki Shikibu ih Ginji nunthuleng kha English calai mithiam pakhat in English ttong ih a leh tikah leitlun huap casiartu mipi in cui nunthuleng cu leitlun nunthuleng hmaitawttu tiah an zum lala. Ziang khal a va si hman ah Decameron ih calai manmual sunlawinak cu hmaisat le netat thuhla cun a sawihnin cuang hran lo.

Decameron timi cu nunthuleng za khat tican a si. Bocaccio hin San Laita cindan thlun in thutluang le biazai karlak hrawng in a rak ngan. A thuhla remh-awkdan cu hitin a si. 1348 kum, Florence khawpi ah Plague nathri a len ciamco ruang ih tlansuak mi pahra pawl cu inn pakhat ah ni hra sung an beu hai. Cutawk ah umhar phen ah ni khat thuanthu pakhat cio a sangsangte’n an sim aw hai. An rel mi thuanthu pawl cu thuanthu pakhat ihsi karhzaiter mi, thuanthu luhkalh aw (pehawknak zawn nei) an si. Ni hra a rung kim cun thuanthu 100 a rung suak. Hivek cindan hi Chaucer in a thuanthu bezai hminthang ‘Canterbury Thuanthu pawl’ ah a run cawng.

Decameron sung ah minung mizia tampi a lang. Duhdawtnak thuanthu a um, uire thuanthu a um. Thinsau pawl le ralqha pawl ih lungput thuanthu a um rual in mi qihhrut, mi bumh hmang le thil qha lo vei pawl thuhla khal a um thotho. Mipa le nunau karlak ih um mi duhdawtnak thuhla a ngan vek in bumh aw hluahhlo pawl thuhla khal a tel fawn. Thuanthu tam zet cu nupasinak (sex) lam hmuihmel a langsar tuk deuh mi an um.

Asinan nupasinak thehlar tum ruangah si lo in minung hringnun umtudan kha amah amah ih phorh lang a duh ruangah a si. A phorhlangh dan ahcun nun zirh paih pawl bang ih nunsimh ciamco hmelhmang cu an um hran lo. Amai san lai ih hnihsuah bawlnak lam uar pawl sulhnu a thlun a sibik mei. A hnihsuak sai mi ah a hleifuan, a luan a um phah ttheu ruangah a rualpa Petraca hman in a soisel dah. Bocaccio a hung upat deuh hnu, biaknaklam ih a pekawk hnu ah, a no lai ih a rak ngan mi leitlun calai pawl cu hlon hlo le siatsuah thluh a tum. Asinan calai kutsuak ttha pakhat a sinak hmufiangtu Petraca in a kham sal.

Decameron sung ih tel mi thuanthu pawl hi Bocaccio ih sersuah mi hlir cu an si lo. Europe khawmualpi nisuahlam ram pawl ih thuanthu roling, Latin ttong ih ngankhum mi thuanthu pawl kha denhsenh ih a sersuah mi thuanthu tla tampi an um. Roman pacang ttha pawl ih uamnak thuhla an ngan mi Gesta Romanorum le cuvek thuanthu dangdang pawl ih hmuihmel tla an lang. Hivek Romanorum thuanthu rim nam deuh ih ceibawl mi thuanthu kha Romance tiah an ko. Romantic timi ttongfang ih bulhra a si.

Bocaccio hi Vita di Dante ih nunthuanthu a ngan ruang khal ah a hmin a thang. Calai mithiam pawl khal in an ngaisang zet. Biazai le thutluang cawhrawi ih a ngan mi ca pohpoh cu Italian calai ah zohso (ngaisan) an hlawh thluh. Latin ttong ih a ngan mi cabu pawl khal in European calai dangdang a hliahkhuh hai. Tthanghharhnak hlan te ah Dante in biaknak lam nuncan ziaza mawi hrangih tlang a rak au bang in, Petraca khal in minung phungthluk (humanism) hrang ah meisa a rak muah. Cubang in Bocaccio khal in hringnun khawvel ih an tonteh im pawl ngunngaih zet ih thlir-ruat ding ah thlaici a rak tuh ve (John Drinkwater – kawhhmuh zo).

Italian calai ah himi minung pathum h taimaknak in Italian Tthanghharhnak san cu a tthanglianter. Europe khawmualpi ih ram dang pawl ahcun Tthanghharhnak san hi 1450 kum ihsin an siar thok ttheu tlangpi. Himi kum cu Petraca le Bocaccio ih san hnak in kum 100 hrawng a tlai mi a si.

Mi Pathum :Romantic Bezai Sau Ngantu

Bocaccio a thih hnu kum 100 sung hrawng cu Italian calai khawvel ah calai mi cuangmuar ngai an um lo a bang. Asinan Italian Tthanghharhnak ih huham cu Europe khawmualpi ih ram tampi ah a kangkai vivo. Himi hnu deuh ah Epic bezai sau phuahtu bezaipu pathum an rung suak. Luigi Pulci, Matteo Maria Boiardo, le Ludovico Ariosto an si.

Luigi Pulci (1432 – 1484) ih nunthuanthu hi a fiangfai lo asilole theihsuah fiang a si hrih lo. Tluang zuahzo ih bezai a phuah thei ruangah a hmin a thang. Epic bezai pakhat a phuah mi ah amai san lai Florence khawpi sung ih zatlangnun thuhla a deusiah. Matteo Maria Boiardo (1434 – 1494) cu khawbawi hrin, mi-uk hrin ih rung suak a si. Orlando Innaorato (Orlando in Love) timi epic bezai a phuah (1487). Cathay siangpahrang fanu Angelica le Orlando ih duhdawtnak thuhla a si (Margaret Drabble & Jenny Stringer – Orxford Concise Companion to English Literature, Oxford University Press, 2^nd Edition, 2003). Duhdawtnak ih hmual natzia cawisohnak bezai a si. Asinan a ttongkam hman mi an hraw-hram deuh ih zabi 16 casiartu pawl ih hna a rak verh neh hrot lo. 

Ludovico Ariosto (1474 – 1533) cu Romantic bezaipu pathum lak ih cuangmuarbik a si. Cuihleiah Tthanghharhnak qum ih canghvaihnak ah Machiavelli thawi’ dinhmun bang aw vohvo ah an ret mi a si. Boiardo ih bezai sau Orlando Innamorato ih behbawm a si mi Orlando Furioso (1532 ; Orlando Insane) timi bezai sau a phuah. Himi bezai hi Tthanghharhnak san ih suak mi bezai kutsuak lak ah a tlamtlingbik mi  a si tiah calai mithiam pawl in an fak. Khatlam ah, thuhla pakhat kha a phuah nolh rero ttheu ruangah nin a um rak titu khal an um. Asinan mi tampi in an duh zet ih Pope hman in Ariosto hi a uar zet.

Himi bezai a lartuk ruangah Ariosto cu mipi in an cawisang vivo ih ramkulh pakhat ih uktu bawi ah a hung can phah. Cui ramkulh ahcun rukru le suamhmang an tam zet. Ariosto khal in a siatqhat tuk ruangah siangpahrang ih pek mi thlahlawh duh in a ttuan men a bang. Nuam a ti hmel lemlo. Ni khat cu rukru le suamhmang pawl an hraang ih uktu bawi khal cu an kaih. Asinan an kaih mi cu Orlando Furioso bezai phuahtu a si ti an theih tikah zangfah ngaidam an dil sawn riangri ih, an thlah sal. A bezai in a nunnak a runsuak (John Drinkwater – kawhhmuh zo).

Orlando Furioso bezai hi calai ngainatu pawl in an uar zet ih, an siar, an cawng. Zabi 16 san lai ahkhan himi bezai hi vei 180 lai an suah non rero zo. Europe khawmualpi ih ttong phunphun khal in an let hai. Orlando ih Zuun tuar lungmawng thuhla kha thulu ah a ret ko nan, a sung ahcun cumi hnak ih ropi le ngai nuam sawn mi thuhla dangdang khal an um.

Niccolo Machiavelli

Leitlun ramkhel khawvel ih huvang ngah zet cabu ‘The Prince’ ngantu Niccolo Machiavelli (1469 – 1527) hi a pa cu daanthiam, a nu bezaipi (poetess) an si. Florence khawpi ah a suak. A no lai ah taimak suah in fimthiamnak a ngaihven. Kum 30 ah Florentine Republic (Khawpi-ram san a si) ih tlangsuak sungtel a hung si. Cuihnu ah Florentine Republic ram aiawh in Roman siangpahrang Caesar Borgia hnenah ram palai a ttuan. Cumi lo khal ram dangdang ah ram palai ttuan in a um vivo.

1512 ah Republican cozah a tlusiat. A hlan ih Florence khawpi rak uktu Lorenzo de’ Medici (1449 – 1492) in uktu a ttuan sal. Cutikah Machiavelli cu a hna an banter ih bak ah an kai ih, thawnginn ah an hrem. Kum khat a rei hnu ah an suah ih Florence khawpi ihsin an dawisuak. Cutikah khawte pakhat ah hmun le ram a lei ih inn-lo dinh in a paih zawng a si mi calai a buaipi (Pe Myint – kawhhmuh zo).

1517 – 20 sung ah Arte della Guerra (The Art of War) cabu a ngan ih 1521 ah a suah. 1520 – 25 sung ah Florence Sanphung (Storie Fiorentine) a ngan. Mandragola (1518; The Mandrake) timi comedy thuanthucawn pakhat khal a ngan. Mi deusiahnak thuanthucawn qha zet a si. Bezai khal a phuah ve phah. A kutsuak lak ih larbik cu Il Principe (The Prince) cabu a si. 1513 ah a rak ngan zo nan a thih hnu kum 5 rei, 1532 lawng ah an run suah (Margaret Drabble & Jenny Stringer – kawhhmuh zo).

Himi Il Principe cabu hi Medici ih thinlung amai lam ih a ra hersal theinak ding ruahsan ih a ngan mi a si. Cabu sung ah quansuah a thupibik, quansuandan kalhmang a thupibik lo, ttuansuah a si theinak ding ahcun ziangvek phungphai le kalhmang khal hman a thiang ti lam hoi in a ngan. Himi ruangah khawruahphung mithiam pawl in Machiavelli hi an soisel. Sualralnak thapetu a si an ti.

Taktak ahcun Mahciavelli hin rampi ukawkdan kalhmang a relnak ah suangtuahnak khawvel sung ih tlangleng men lo in a hmuhton mi thuhla pawl kha ngunngaihtei’ ruat tahrat ih a rel mi a si. Amai sanzul Italy ram kha khawpi-ram (city-state) tam zet ah kekdarh in mi tampi in an uk. Cumi kha a duh lo. Huham nei le thilti thei siangpahrang pakhat in Italy ram kha finkhawm sal in Kumpiram thar dinhsuah a duh (John Drinkwater – kawhhmuh zo). Machiavelli hin a rel duh I kha fiang fukfo, zep le thuh nei lo ih a ngan ruangah ramkhel khawvel ahcun Machiavellian rim a nam timi cu mi hrokhrawl, ningzah nei lo, midang neh theinak ding a si ahcun kawl le vai ngian hman mei poi ti lo, timi sullam nei in an run hmang (Mya Than Tint – kawhhmmuh zo).

Machiavelli ih ruahdan ah siangpahrang quan duh tu cun hremhmun tlak a ttih lo a ttul ti lam a hoi deuh. Ram uktu, dinhsuaktu cun anmai nun tanta in ram hrangah an pumpekawk a ttul. An ttuannak mualzawl ah nuncan ziaza mawi le zahumnak tivek hnak in rampi hrangih thil ttha kha an ret thupi ding a si a ti. Himi ruahdan hin European khawruahphung mithiam pawl a ciahneh zet. Curuangah Il Principe cabu hi nitlaklam khawruahnak ruang-am dinhsuaktu cabu a ti tla’n an sim (Horstein, Percy & Brown – kawhhmuh zo).

Il Principe cabu hi a suah thok ihsin kum 20 sung ah vei 25 lai an suah non. Mipi in an duh zet. Cabu sung ih a rel uar zet mi cu Pope Alexander VI ih fapa Casare Borgia (1476 – 1507) a si. Casare Borgia hi hrokhrawl zet ih cangvai, Romagna ram rak nehtu, uktu a si. Himi cabu in soisel a tuarnakbik cu bung 18-nak ‘how princes should honour their word’ timi a si ih, depdet a ttul can a um thu, mi bumh thiam a poimawh thu tivek a ngan (Pe Myint – kawhhmuh zo). Machiavelli ih san hi san sia a rak si ruangah a se lam ih thil thlir a rak hmang deuh luan tla a si thei. Asinan Europe khawmualpi ih uktu le hruaitu ropi pawl cun a cabu Il Principe hi an kutken cabu ah an hmang. A langpang in simaw, a thupte in simaw, an hmang hai.

A tlun ih rel zo mi a thuanthucawn khal ah hringnun khawvel ten um zia a langter. Minung ziaza a siatsuah ti ih soiseltu khal an um. Ziang a va si hman ah Qhanghharhnak san ih thuanthucawn suak mi lak ahcun a tthabik dinhmun ah a ding (Buckner B. Trawick – kawhhmuh zo). Duhtu Zahra, huatu Zahra timi cu Machiavelli ih nun ahhin a langfiang nasa.

Castiglione le Cellini

Baldessare Castiglione (1478 – 1529) hi Milan khawpi uktu bawi ih innsang ah qhanglian in England le Roman Kumpiram Thianghlim (Holy Roman Empire) ah Milan khawpi aiawh palai a quan dah. A ngan mi cabu Il libro del cortegiano (1528; The Courtyer) hi a lar zet. Machiavelli ih cabu thufun thawn a bang aw lo nasa. Uktu ih innsang le a vuavang pawl in nuncan ziaza mawi an neihtheinak ding ruahsanh ih a ngan mi a si. Ram palai timi cu nel um zet le zoh mawi zet ih mi va kom thiam le umtlan thiam qul mi a si ih, cuvek lam ih mi cuangmuar zet pakhat in uktui’ inn sung ih um le ceng pawl hrangih nuncan ziaza mawi thuhla a ngan tikah nitlaklam Europe khawmualpi sehvel ah a hmin a thang nasa. Himi cabu hi Tthanghharhnak san minung phungthluk (humanism) ih hmelhmang tarlangtu a si (Horstein, Percy & Brown – kawhhmuh zo).

The Courtyer vel ih hminthang cabu dang pakhat ngantu cu Benvenuto Cellini (1500 – 71) a si. A cabu cu amai nunthuanthu a si. Cellini hi suiserthiam le lemserthiam a si. Asinan daan pahbalnak ruangah hmun tin ah a tlan kual vivo. Rukru, suamhmang, mi bumh hmang a rak ttuan thu pawl a ngannak ah dik zet ih a ngan tawk, uar deuh ih a rel tawk an um. Asinan a nun lamtluan zoh in Italian Tthanghharhnak san dinhmun kan hmu thei.

Lemserthiam a si vek in French siangpahrang pakhat hrangih Greek khawzing Perseus ih lem a sersak mi zoh in Tthanghharhnak san thiamzung umtudan a theihtheih fawn. Himi lem a ser thu khal amah rori in ca ih a ngankhum ruangah cumi san lai ih dar an rak bur dan tla kan thei thei (Horstein, Percy & Brown – kawhhmuh zo).

Thuanthucawn

Tthanghharhnak san ah thuanthucawn cu a tla niam deuh. Tragedy tla cu a ttumsuk nasa. Comedy cu a zia-um deuh. Comedy thuanthucawn ahcun a san lai ih zatlangnun zoh mawi lo pawl sisiaunak lam thuanthucawn an lar. Tarlang zo mi Ariosto khan thuanthucawn pali a ngan. Cumi alak ih pakhat, I Suppositi (1509), cu Shakespeare in The Taming of the Shrew (Nupi Her Numsimhnak) thuanthucawn a ngan mi ah a sirhsan hngehnge (Margaret Drabble & Jenny Stringer – kawhhmuh zo). Machiavelli ih thuanthucawn ngan mi thu cu kan rel zo kha.

Zabi 16 lai Italy ah thuanthucawn danglam deuh phun khat a lar. Cumi cu anmah cun Commedi dell’arte an ti. Thuanthucawn an suah hlan ah a thuanthu ih thuhla tlangpi an rel ta. Cumi thuanthu tlangpi sung ah cawngtu pawl in tlacop ttongkam hmang in an be aw, thuanthu cu an cawng vivo leh sal. An ttong ding mi rak cinh, rak baihat cia tivek a um lo. Hivek ih thuanthu cawn hi a ol lo zet. Cawngtu thiam zet lawng in an cawng thei (Horstein, Percy & Brown – kawhhmuh zo). Calai mithiam pawl in ca thawi ngan cia mi a um lo ruangah calai kutsuak cazin sung ih senh luh an duh lemlo. Amahlawngte thuanthucawn khawvel thuhla ahcun hminsin tlak zet pakhat cu a si.

Cui san lai ah khawte nun thuhla thuanthucawn (pastoral drama) tla an uar. Khawte ihsi ra suak tinak si lo in a thuhla kha khawte nun, a hleice in tuukhal pawl thuhla, kha thulaimu ah ret in hringnun khawvel umtudan phosuahnak ih phuahsuah mi thuanthucawn an si. Hivek thuanthucawn ngan lam ih hminthang zet cu Jacopo Sannazaro (14Calai mithiam pawl in ca thawi ngan cia mi a um lo ruangah calai kutsuak cazin sung ih senh luh an duh lemlo. Amahlawngte thuanthucawn khawvel thuhla ahcun hminsinh tlak zet pakhat cu a si.

Cui san lai ah khawte nun thuhla thuanthucawn (pastoral drama) tla an uar. Khawte ihsi ra suak tinak si lo in a thuhla kha khawte nun, a hleice in tuukhal pawl thuhla, kha thulaimu ah ret in hringnun khawvel umtudan phosuahnak ih phuahsuah mi thuanthucawn an si. Hivek thuanthucawn ngan lam ih hminthang zet cu Jacopo Sannazaro (1456 – 1530 hrawng) a si.

A tlun ih rel mi pawl an liam hnu ah bezaipu, awnmawithiam le thuanthucawn nganthiam Torquato Tasso (1544 – 1595) a rung suak ih Italian calai romual ah riahsiatza a hringnun khal a rung roling lanta. A kutsuak ropi deuh pawl cu romantic epic bezai Rinaldo (1562), khawte nun thuanthucawn Aminta (1573), Jerusalem Delivered (1580 – 1) le tragedy thuanthucawn Torrismondo (1586) pawl an si (Margaret Drabble & Jenny Stringer – kawhhmuh zo).

A nauhak lai ah a pa in daanthiam (lawyer) quanter duh in daan a zirter. Asinan calai lam a veituk raungah daan lam cu tanta in ca a ngan. A kutsuak larbik cu Jerusalem Luatternak (Jerusalem Delivered) a si. A bezai sung ah, Crusade Ralbuai Ttumkhatnak ih Khristian pawl in Turkey pawl kut sung ihsi Jerusalem thu kha dungkhar ah hmang in, cui ralbuai ttum ih ral a dotu Khristian pacang ttha pawl in Khristian si lo nunau tthatthum pawl thawi ngaizawng aw le nei aw in cui nunau tthatthum pawl cu Khristian ih an hruai lut thu pawl a tarlang.

Himi Jerusalem Luatternak bezai a rung suah tikah fakseltu pawl ih heh le heh tiah an soisel, an simsia. Cui simsiatnak pawl ruangah Tasso cu a aa rori. A aat lai ah fakseltu pawl duhdan thlun in a bezai cu a phunphun in a rem. Asinan a rem mi pawl in a kutsuak hlun an tluk thei lo. Thinlung tuamhlawmnak zato ah kum sarih sung a um. Zato ih a suah hnu ah khawpi tin ah a ceng kual vivo.

Cumi sung ah a bezai Jerusalem Luatternak cu a rak lar zet zo ruangah mipi pawl in Tasso cu tthate’n an rak tuamhlawm, an fingkhawi. Cuihlei ah bezaipu ropi Petraca vekih sunlawihnak pek khal an tum. Asinan culai fang ah Tasso cu thihnak zamual a liam (Buckner B. Trawick – kawhhmuh zo). Tasso hi English calai khawvel le European calai khawvel ah a hmin a thang zet. Calai lam ih mi ropi pawl hman in an upat ih a thuhla tla bezai le thuanthucawn ah an run ngan hai. Byron in The Lament of Tasso (1817) timi a ngan. Goethe khal in Torquato Tasso timi thuanthucawn pakhat a ngan (1789). Donizetti khal in Torquato Tasso timi hmin thotho in Opera pakhat a sersuak (1833).