Italian Calai Romual 3 (Zabi 17 in 18 Tiang ih Italian Calai)

Italian Calai Romual

Bung 3

Zabi 17 in 18 Tiang ih Italian Calai

Roman Kumpiram a kuaidarh tikah Italy tikulhpi ah khawpi-ram tampi a rung suak. San Laita neta lam a rung thlen tikah khawpi-ram pawl cun anmah le an tappi qong cio kha sunsak hleic3 in phunhnam qong le calai rung um ding ah an zuam. Qhanghharhnak san ah Italian calai meifar a rung vang. Zabi 15 ne lam ah Florence khawpi-ram uktu Lorenzo de Medici le a cithlah pawl ih duhsaknak, thapeknak ruangah Italian calai a qhangso vivo ih, Italy tikulhpi huap calai ah a rung cang. Amah Medici khal hi ramkhellam mithiam bezaipu pakhat a rak si.

Hmansehla zabi 17 in 18 nelam tiang sung ah Europe khawmualpi ih ram qhenkhat pawl in Italy khawpi-ram pawl kha an uk ton rero. Khawpi-ram uktu pawl khal in an dothlengh ve phah nan anmah le anmah leiram an cuh-awk buai qheu ruangah qanrualnak ngaingai an nei thei lo. Cumi san cu leiram nei tamtam thuneihnak sang ih kai san a si vek in leiram cuh aw ah an buai qheu. Leiram cuh aw buai lak ahcun Pope pawl khal an rak tel ve.

French Dothlenghnak (French Revolution; 1789) a suah tikah Italy khawpi-ram pawl qangrual in France ram an do. Asinan Napoleon ih huham a qhan vivo tikah Italy ram cu a pumpuluk in Napoleon ih kut sung ah a tla sal. Napoleon cun a neih mi tlang le mual pawl kha a naupa le a put la a ukter hai. A cawmfa khal Rome siangpahrang a quanter. Himi can ah Italian pawl cun rualremawk derhdo, qanrual tlang hliarhlo a qulzia an hmufiang ih zalenhnak sualsuah an hiar zet.

Asinan Napoleon ih kumpiram a kuaidarh tikah Italy ram cu Austria in a uk lala. Cutikah an thuneihnak hloh lawk tu Pope le siangpahrang hrin pawl in anmai ram tete pawl an tungding sal hai ih, Italy rampi dinhsuak thei ding in an tawlrel.

1859 ah Victor Emmanuel II in amai uk mi ramkulh le Italy ramkulh dang pawl komkhawm in phunhnam lungrualnak um thei ding ah a tawlrel. Cutikah Italy zalenhnak ruang rak zingtu a si mi Mazzini, Garibaldi le Count Cavour pawl in ramkhel lam le raldo lam ah hmaihruai bawm in mipi kaihhruai an bawm. Emmanuel II khal 1861 ah Italy siangpahrang lukhum a khum. 1870 ah a tang lai mi Pope ih mual le tlang pawl long in Italy rampi a dinhsuak.

Calai A Qhangso Lo

Hivek ih ramkhel nikhua a qhat thei lo ruangah zabi 17 lai Italian calai cu a ziktluak lo nasa. Zabi thok lam ah bezaipu Giovanni Battista Marino (1569 – 1625) a suak. A bezai pawl cu a qek le hnah nim ciaiciai luar thingkung bang in ceibawl uar ciamco mi an si (Encyclopaedia of Literature – kawhhmuh zo). Marino ih bezai relbawldan hi lehhnu lam calai mithiam pawl in an run cawng vivo. Asinan cuvek pawl an nin hnu ah a thar an cuan lala. A bezai larbik cu Venus le Adonis ih duhdawtnak thuhla a phuah mi Adone (1623) a si (Margaret Drabble & Jenny Stringer – kawhhmuh zo).

Curuangah Carlo Maria Maggi (1630 – 99) ih hohanak in 1690 ah Arcadia timi calai pawlkom cu Rome khawpi ah an dinh. An tumtah mi cu phunhnam duhdawtnak par ih hram a bunh mi bezai pawl phuahsuah ding le thawtnak nei lo Italian bezai kalhmang hlun pawl qhiatdarh ding kha a si. Arcadia timi cu Roman bezaipu Virgil dungthlun ih khawte nun tarlanghnak romantic bezai ceibawltu calai mithiam pawl an kawhnak hmin a si. Cumi sungtel pawl cun tuukhaltu pawl hnipuan hruh in an phuah mi khawte nun bezai pawl kha mipi hmai ah an samh qheu (Encyclopaedia of Literature – kawhhmuh zo).

Himi san ih opera thuanthucawn ih an hman mi awnmawi bezai pawl cu calai mithiam pawl in calai zulzunhtertu, tlasetertu a si an ti. Curuangah calai qhangso ding in hehhnik tiah an zuam ih zabi 17 ihsin 18 a luh cuarco hrang ah Malodrama timi thuanthucawn a rung suak (Encyclopaedia of Literature – kawhhmuh zo). Himi san ih melodrama cu awnmawi le hlasak a tel mi thuanthucawn tawite pawl an si. Tui san ahcun melodrama cu a zohtu mipi kha qih le mangbang thinphang ih umter hnu ah lungawinak thawi an cemter sal qheu mi thuanthucawn lam a khihhmuh thlang.

Thutluang khawvel sawn riangri cu dengfelphung mithiam, qongphungphai mithiam (linguists), le sanphung mithiam pawl ih zarah a hung qhangso in a hmui a ngil. Dengfelphung lam nganca ahcun Galileo Gallilei (1564 – 1642) hi pulpit par ih toter a phu. Phunsangtlawng ih siarkopphung (mathematics) professor a quan lai ah physics le tlolakphung (astrology) lam a hliakhlai. Coppernicus ih hmuhsuah mi pompi in leilungpi hi amai lengza par ah her in ni a hel kual tiah a ngan. Cumi ruangah Rome khawpi ih biaknaklam thuqhennak hmun ah zuu an qhum (heknak an theh lut). Gallilei khal in mipi zaran pomdan cu dokalh bet nawn lo in a zumhdan cu a sual a si tiah a rel sal. Asinan a thu a dik ti cu lehhnu lam minung pawl cun Gallilei ih pomdan cu a dik ti an run thei thluh sal (Myanma Swesone Kyan, Vol. 3). Gallilei hi thutluang ngan a rak thiam zet.

Thutluang ngan a thiam ih hlei ah bezai phuah khal a thiam zet thotho tu cu nungcaphung mithiam (biologist) Francesco Redi (1626 – 1698) a si. Anih hi cinung amate’n a semsuak thei timi ruahnak qhiatbaltu a si. Himi san ah sa thuhmuk (sa qawih) sung ih lung (pangang) an rung suahnak cu anmahte’n an keuh men mi a si tiah an zum. Cutikah Redi in khuathai (no) pathum sung ah zohsinh-nak a tuah. Khuathai pathum sungah sa a ret ih pakhat khuh lo, a dang pakhat puan paate thawn khuh in, a dang pakhat cu cahnah thawn pit zet in a tuam. A khuh lo mi khuathai sung ih sa cu thothe in an fem, ti an tit ruangah cumi ihsin lung an suak. Puanthan pa ate ih a tuam mi cu a pit ngaingai lo ruangah lung malte an um. Cahnah thawi a tuam pit mi ahcun lung an um lo.

Taksa ruangpum umtudan lam mithiam Marcello Malphigi (1628 – 94) khal hi dengfelphung lam nganca thawi thutluang khawvel thuam mawitu a si. Cuihlei ah qongkalhmang mithiam (grammarian),    qongphungphai mithiam, sanphung mithiam, le hlanthil hliakhlaitu mithiam pawl ih nganca pawl khal in Italian calai ih catluang khawvel cu an ceimawi hai.

Phunhnamveinak le Calai

Zabi 18 khal ah Italy ukbettu pawl ih thazang cu a qumsuk hrih cuang lo. Austria ram kut hnuai ih an kun lai ah Italy ramkulh pawl ih eihawlnak cu mallai zia-um deuh vek in a lang. Khawpi-ram qhenkhat le ramkulh qhenkhat in Austria siangpahrang thuhnuai ah a hminpu cun zalenhnak an neih deuh ruangah ramkhel lam khal ah an phur a zang deuh. Hmansehla Italian phunhnem vei ngaingai tu pawl cun zalenhnak ngaingai an ruahsanh. An calai le thiamzung khal ah phuhnam veinak qhangphawk ding ih meisa muahnak hmelhmang a lang tam zet. England le France ram ihsin ramkhel khawruahphung (political philosophy) pawl Italy ram sung ih an rung luanluh hnu lephei cun an phunhnamveinak thinlung cu a qhangso sinsin.

Zabi 18 ah calai lam qhansohnak a um phahphah. Zabi 17 lai ih nganca ceibawl ciamco kalhmang kha an nin ruangah thawtnak dang deuh a nei mi calai relbawldan an hawl. Rotling calai lam tiang ih kir sa khal an um. French calai riim le thaang a ra luanglut ih England calai tiang in an la lut phah fawn.

Deusiah Nganca le Thuanthucawn

Himi san ah comedy thuanthucawn nganthiam pakhat, tragedy thuanthucawn nganthiam pakhat, le deusiah nganca (satire) nganthiam pakhat ti’n calai mithiam pathum an um. Comedy thuanthucawn nganthia, hnihsuak bawl thiam zet Carlo Goldoni (1707 – 1793) hi rotling calai san thar semnung sal ding ih zuamtu ti’n a hmin a thang. A tir ah daan lam a zir ih ram palai khal kum malte sung a quan lawk. Ram palai hnaquan ihsi a suah hnu ah Venice khawpi ih thuanthucawn khawvel ah a lut.

Cumi ihsin 1762 tiang ah thuanthucawn 120 hrawng le opera thuanthucawn 80 hrawng a ngan. A ngan mi thuanthucawn pawl cu a thufun an thuk lemlo, thazang khal an nei mal. Asinan thuanthu a remhdan, cawngtui’ qongkam ding a sersuahdan (biakawknak a duansuahdan) le hnihsuak a bawldan tivek ahcun French thuanthucawn nganthiam Marlowe thawn an dinhmun khaikhin theih vualvo a si ve ti a si. Thuanthucawn remh le thlengh a zuam nan a hlawhtling lo. 1762 ah Frenca ah feh in Italian Thuanthucawn Inn a va dinh. French qong in thuanthucawn a ngan ih an cawng. A hlawhtling ih siangpahrang in somdawlnak thlahlawh tla a pe. Asinan French Dothlenghnak ruangah a thlahlawh a ngah thei nawn lo ih rethei zet in a thi (Hornstein, Percy & Brown – kawhhmuh zo).

 

Tragedy thuanthucawn ih hohatubik cu Vittorio Alferi (1749 – 1803) a si. A no lai ah fimthiamnak qhatei’ a zir lo ruangah thuanthucawn khawvel ih a luh tikah a ca a mam qha thei lawk lo. A upat hnu lawng ah Italian tlang qong a zir. 1777 le 1789 karlak ah khawzing sanphung pawl, Bible sung ih thuanthu pawl, sanphung sung ih thuanthu pawl qansanh ah hmang in tragedy thuanthucawn 19 a ngan (Buckner B. Trawick – kawhhmuh zo). Alferi hi nambet le hrekkhawng aw zawng ih ukawknak fehpi huatu a si ruangah cumi lungput thawn thuanthucawn a ngan qheu (Hornstein, Percy & Brown – kawhhmuh zo).

Deusiah bezai pawl ruangih hminthang cu Giuseppe Parini (1729 – 1799) a si. Anih hi phunhnam duhdawtnak cokthotu a si. Sumdawng fapa a si ih khawpi uktu bawi nupi hnenah hna a quan. Asinan uktu lal hrin pawl ih umtlandan kha bezai thawn a deusiah qheu. Himi ruangah 1762 ah a hnaquan ihsin an suahter. Cumi hnu ah deusiahnak bezai pawl a ngan bet ih a suah. Italian miphun zalenhnak rak hmuaktu, rak simsung cia tu a si (A. K. Thorlby – The Penguin Companion to Literature (Europe), Penguin Books Ltd., England, 1969).

Himi san ah ram dang calai relbawldan an run cawng hai. England ah Joseph Addison ih The Spectator casual a lar lai ah a thu cawng in Il Caffe timi journal cu 1764 ihsin 1766 tiang an suah ve. Cumi lawng hman si lo in khungkhai le mawihnai zet ih ceibawl thuammawi cangan kalhmang cu rel sia in Dante hman hnong ih Shakespeare ih sulhnu thlun ding in a rak forhfialtu khal bolo an si. Hivek ih qan la an neihnak a dengh le kawr tiang an thlennak sanh cu German khawruahphung mithiam Nietzche ih hliahkhuh an tuar ruangah a si. Hivek ih mi luarkai an rung suah tikah calai mithiam pawl in Dante ih thlavang hauh in an run qan sal (Encyclopaedia of Literature – kawhhmuh zo).

Leh mi Calai

French Dothlenghnak (1789 – 1815) sungah Italian miphun lakih phunhnam vei deuh pawl an saduhthah vek ngai ih zalenhnak an ngah lo ruangah French pawl an ngaina thei nawn lo. Curuangah calai lam ih French an tlaihsanhnak khal a tlaniam ih English le Europe khawmual calai dangdang an mitmei thlang. Cutawk ihsin leh mi calai tam zet an rung suak.

Himi san ah Italian pawl cun Shakespeare ih ngan mi Hamlet le Othello thuanthucawn tivek siseh, English bezaipu Thomas Gray ih Elegy bezai siseh, Switzerland ram ih a lar zet mi tlang le mual thuhla le khawte nun thuhla phuah mi bezai pawl siseh, Greek rotling calai ih Iliad le Odessey epic bezai tivek tiang in siseh, anmai qong inn an let hai.

Ramkhel lam thlengh-awknak boruak sung ih Italian calai nikhaw umtudan cu bezaipu pakhat a si mi Vincenzo Monti (1754 – 1828) ih nun le calai kutsuak hin awmang tawk a tarlang. Monti in a no lai ah Arcadia pawlkom ah tel in tuukhal pawl thuhla le khawte nun  thuhla phuah mi bezai a rak buaipi. 1793 – 97 sung ahcun French miphun dokalhnak bezai pawl a phuah. Himi hnu deuh ah French lam a awn sal deuh ih French pawl ih kumpiram phungthluk lomnak bezai tla a phuah phahphah. 1815 ah Italy ram cu Austria kut hnuai ih a tluk tikah Austria kumpiram thangqhatnak bezai pawl a phuah lala (Encyclopaedia of Literature – kawhhmuh zo).

Romantic Calai

Italy rampi dinh thar sal ding ih an zuam rero lai ah romantic calai a rung parsuak sal. Romantic timi cu suangtuahnak ih hram bunh a si ih, a tlangpithu in san hlun ngainak tla a tel qheu. Italian pawl khal in miphun dang kut hnuai ih an um lai ahhin hlan lai ih mai ram, mai siangpahrang thawi’ an rak um lai an vun ngai qheu. Cumi an ngainak cu miphun dang thu hnuai ihsi talsuahnak hrang khal ah bawmtu qha zet a si. Leitlun hmun dangdang khal ah hivek thil umtudan hi hmuh ding a tampi.

Himi san ih romantic calai canghvaihnak hruaitu cu bezaipu, thuanthucawn ngantu, nunthuleng ngantu Alessandro Manzoni (1785 – 1873) a si. Tlangsuak le bawi sungkua ih rung suak, Milan khawpi fa a sin an 1805 ah a nu thawn France ram, Paris khawpi ah an vai. Paris ah calai pawlkom thawn an nel aw zet. A upat hnu ah Milan khawpi ah ra kir sal in Italy ram zalenhnak hrangih forhfialnak calai kusuak pawl a ngan. A no deuh lai ih a ngan mi cu biaknak lam thawn an pehpar aw deuh. Napoleon san minung ti nafam cu 1821 ih Napoloen a thih tikah tleizun bezai a phuah hngehnge.

Hmansehla a lungmuril ahcun phunhnam duhdawtnak lungput a nei. Thuanthucawn a ngan khal ah Lombards miphun pawl in siangpahrang Cherlamange kut hnuai ihsi talsuah an tumnak sanphung a phorhsuak sal ih a ngan. A ngan mi pawl cu tragedy thuanthucawn an si hai. Shakespeare uar zet tu a sin an Shakespeare vek ih caan, hmun le thilthleng (thuanthucawn ih thil thupibik pathum) cawhrual dan thiamnak lam a tlasam. Curuangah thuanthucawn lam ahcun a hlawhtling lo tiah an faksel hai.

Hmansehla nunthuleng ngan la ahcun a hmui a ngil hngin. ‘Ham cia mi’ (I Promessi Sposi/ The Betrothed) nunthuleng hi 1823 ah a ngan ih 1827 ah sutsuah a si. Asinan Milan sehvel horkuam qong ih a rak ngan ruangah, siartu mipi tam deuh ding in Tuscanian horkuam qong thawn a remh qha sal. A remh qhat mi cu 1840 le 1842 karlak ah bung peh nunthuleng in a suah. A sung thuhla cu Spanish pawl in Milan khua le ram an rak uk lai caan ih Italian khawte fa pakhat le a nupi ding ih a ham cia mi fala ih thuanthu a si.

Himi nunthuleng ah tlangval le fala in Spanish miphun kut sung ah tla lut lo ding ih an zuamnak pawl a ngan. Manzoni in himi nunthuleng a ngan lai ah sanphung ih thleng ngaingai mi vek rori ih ngansuah a tumtuknak ah a thuanthu fehdan a fuh lo phah tiah an faksel. Hmansehla dik lo zet ih ukbehnak hnuai ihsi tlansuah an zuamnak le hringnun umtudan a phorhsuahdan ahcun English, German, French calai mithiam pawl in an fak nasa (Horstein, Percy & Brown – kawhhmuh zo). Himi nunthuleng hi Italian san thar nunthuleng hramqohtu ti hman a theih ding.

Romantic Phungthluk Dokalhnak

Himi san lai ah san thar Italian bezaipu lak ih ropi le hminthang bik ti theih Giacomo Leopardi (1798 – 1837) a suak. A no lai ah calai a luhcilh nasa ih Greek calai, Latin calai, Hebru calai, French calai, le German calai ti pawl a coklet nehsawh zet. Asinan a luhcilh luar deuh ruangah a harhdamnak a tlakniam phah. Harhdamnak lam, duhdawtnak lam, lenh le qhansohnak lam tivek ah tlaksiatnak le vanduainak phunphun in a nuai ciamco ruangah leitlun ih siatnak lam lawng a hmuh phah.

Zalenhnak a ngainga. Hrembehnak a hua. Hmansehla a kiangkap ah a selam hlir an rung peng aw. Curuangah leitlun hi harsatnak in a khat, leitlun hi siatral thluh hmansehla harsatnak cu a tang lai thotho ding ti’n a aihram. A kutsuak nganca pawl ah hivek ruahdan an lang. Hmansehla ram le miphun a duhdawtnak cu a bezai sung ah an tleu pempem vet hung. Curuangah romantic phungthluk a dokalh. Asinan a tir ahcun amah khal romantic phenthlam hnuai ihsin a talsuak thei lawk lo. European calai mithiam pawl in Leopardi hi Dante le Petraca thawn dinhmun bang aw ah ret in Italian bezaipu ropi pathum tiah cazin ah an khumh qheu. San thar Italian calai hi amah ihsi qhok a si ti khal in an sim (John Drinkwater – kawhhmuh zo).

Italy rampi dinhsuak sal ding ih an zuam lai caan a liam hnu ah bezaipu le calai fakseltu Giosue Carducci (1835 – 1907) a suak. 1856 ah Pissa Phunsangtlawng ihsin zircawilu (degree) a ngah. 1860 in 1904 tiang Bolognia Phunsangtlawng ah professor a quan. 1906 ah Nobel Calai Laksawng a ngah. A kutsuak calai cu a qumqawl vivo mi romantic phungthluk dokalh in rotling calai phungphai lam an hoi deuh. Greek le Latin qong nehsawh zet a si ruangah a thufun muk, hnget le felfai zet in bezai a phuah thiam. Curuangah rotling calai ngainatu cun an duh zet. Amahlawngte a calai thufun khunkhantuk ruangah zaran mipi thawn an hla aw deuh. Calai fakselnak ahcun hmaihruaitu a si (Horstein, Percy & Brown – kawhhmuh zo).