William Shakespeare (3)

William Shakespeare : Milaihrin ih Thlalang (3)

(The Mirror of Mankind)

Ka thlir thiam ban cin ahcun, puar tuk ih ei pawl hi

 rilrawng laittam pawl thawn an retheih dan a tluk aw.

Curuangah lungawinak timi cu a laifang ah a to ding tinak a si.

Neihluannak hi ttuakpar in tthianrual ah a sawm lohli lai ah,

a awmtawk ih nun hin nunsaunak a run keng.

The Merchant of Venice, Can I, thlirmual II.

A Kutsuak Biazai le Thutluang pawl

Shakespeare ih kutsuak biazai ahhin Venus and Adonis (Venus le Adonis), The Rape of Lucrece (Lucrece Sualpinak), Sonnet pawl, A Lover's Complaint (Ngaizawng ih Phunzainak), The Passionate Pilgrim (Pathian Betu Urhsun),Sonnets to Sundry Notes of Music, leThe Phoenix and Turtle (Phoenix Va le Tipithuanthum Cumkheng) tipawl an tel.Asinan rotling calai picang (canon) vial siartupawl cun Shakespeare ih kutsuak ahhin thuanthucawn 38, sonnet 154, le thuanthu bezai sau pahnih (Venus le Adonis, le Lucrece Sualpinak) lawng an telh. Tui ttum ahcun tarlang theih mi zatei' tarlang kan tum hrih sawn pei.

Biazai ih Shakespeare hmin ropitertu hmaisa cu Venus le Adonis, le Lucrece Sualpinak an si. Venus le Adonis hi 1593 kum April thla ah a suah ih, a hmai kum ah Lucrece Sualpinak a suah. Himi bezai sau pahnih hi phunsangtlawngpawl le siangpahrang vuavang pawl khal in an uar in an ngaisang. Kum malte sungah vei tampi an suah non rero. Himi ruangah zirnak sang nei hran lo a si cing in, mi thupi dinhmun ah a thlen thei phah. Himi san lai ih calai thiang taktak khawvel (purely literary world) tiah an ruah hleice mi biazai ih kutsuak ttha zet neitu a hung si thei phah ruangah a si.

A bezai sau Venus le Adonis hi ttelh (rhyme) fehdan ababcc (catlang pakhatnak le pathumnak, pahnihnak le palinak, panganak le paruknak, an ttelh aw hai tinak) in, canghlawm (stanza) pakhat ah catlang paruk (sestet) ih ngan mi a si ih, canghlawm 199 (catlang 1194) a um. Lucrece Sualpinak hi ttelh fehdan ababbccin, canghlawm pakhat ah catlang pasarih ih ngan mi a si ih, canghlawm 265 (catlang 1855) a um.  Venus le Adonis, le Lucrece Sualpinak bezai sau pahnih hi Southampton Lal (Earl of Southampton) le Tichfield Khawnbawl (baron) a si mi Henry Wriothesly hnenah hlannak (dedication) a tuah ih, thuhmaihruai khal ah Henry Wriothesly a ngainatzia a tarlang.

Sonnet bezaibu ahhin sonnet fing 154 an um. Sonnet timi cu iambic pentameter catlang 14 ih ngan mi bezai phun khat a si ih, Shakespeare in ttelh fehdan ah ababcdcdefefgg a hmang. Shakespeare in a sonnet bezaipawl a hminthanpi tuk ruangah himi ttelh kalhmang hmang ih ngan mi sonnet cu Shakespearean Sonnet tiah an run kawh phah (Ka ngan mi Calai Zirnak Hmaihruai, le Eden Zunzam: Sonnets from Chinland ah sonnet thuhla kimcang deuh in zoh a theih). Shakespeare hin a sonnet bezaibu khal hi Mr. W. H. hnenah a hlan (dedicated).

Ngaizawng ih Phunzainak (A Lover's Complaint) hi ttelh fehdan ababbcc ti'n, canghlawm pakhat ah catlang pasarih um ih ngan mi a si ih, canghlawm 47 (catlang 329) a um. Pathian Betu Urhsun (The Passionate Pilgrim) ahhin sonnet pianhmang khal an tel ih, catlang hleihnih a um mi khal an tel. Bezai fing 15 pehkhawm mi a si.

Awnmawi Note Tintian hrang Sonnetpawl (Sonnets to Sundry Notes of Music) hi a hmin ahcun sonnet timi a tel ko nan fing hmaisabik ti lo cu sonnet pianhmang keng hran lo an si deuh. 'Note Tintian' ti a si bang in kalhmang tintian a hmang a sibik.Phoenix Va le Tipithuanthum Cumkheng (The Phoenix and the Turtle) hi cu a hmaisalam ah ttelh fehdan abba le, a netalam ah aaa hmang ih ngan mi a si ih, canghlawm 18 (catlang 67) a um.

Shakespeare ih Bezai le Thutluang Kalhmang

Elizabethan canbi ahhin English ttong hi Latin, French le Anglo-Saxon ttongpawl a rawi aw mi ttong no zet a si lai (kum 160 hrawng lawng in a upa). Dictionary asilole siarnganzir fimthiamnak tahfung (standardized literacy education) khal a rak um hrih lo. Shakespeare san ih London minungpawl cun an siar thiam mi hnakih tam an ttong thiam. Cumi in ttongkalhmang dan le dun pawl (rules of grammar) le cafangkom a dingderter (fluid). Cangantupawl in nitin in ttongfang thar an sersuak ih bezaipupawl cu nganca relbawldan thar a si mi blank verse thawn an phuang aw. Blank verse hi Surrey Lal (Earl of Surrey) in 1557 kum ih Certain Bokes of Virgiles Aenis a suah ihsi an theih mi a si:

They whistled all, with fixed face attent

When Prince Aeneas from the royal seat

Thus gan to speak, O Queene, it is thy will,

I should renew a woe can not be told:

                                                    (Book II, 1-4)

"Blank" a si mi verse (bezai) timi cu ttelh (rhyme) a nei lo mi bezai tinak a si. (Catlang cemnakpawl khi zoh aw). Blank verse kalhmang hin Virgil le Ovid tivek ttelh hmang lo bezaipupawl ih bezaipawl kha English ttong ih leh theih ding in sangka a onsak ih, Elizabethan thuanthucawn ngantupawl khal iambic pentameter hmangin English ttong ih khuarel awkhiahpawl (natural rhythms) hmual nei sinsin ih hmang thei ding ah a bawm.

Shakespeare san ahhin a tlangpithu in bezai catlang (line) pakhat ah sum (meter or feet) panga an um tlangpi. Sum khat ah awfang (syllable) pahnih cio an um. Awfang pakhatnak aw niam (unstressed syllable) a si ih awfang pahnihnak aw sang (stressed syllable) a si tikah (dee DUM), iamb a si [iambic timi cu tul (push), dokalhnak um cing in ti peh-ttentto-nak (persistency), asilole harsatnak lak khal ah hmailam panter theitu thiamtlinnak (determination), tican a si]. Hmaibet ttongfang 'penta' cu 'panga' tican a si—kil nga pianhmang nei mi kha 'pentagon' an tivek in. Curuangah 'iambic pentameter' timi cu hmailam a pan mi sum panga um biazai catlang pakhat (one line of poetry consisting of five forward-moving feet) tican a si.

Shakespeare in thuanthucawn ngantu le bezaipu si ding ih ttuan a rel thok lai ahkhan iambic pentameter a si mi blank verse cindan thar hi a run thlun ve. Minung thinlung tur (heartbeat) vek simaw, rang tlan lai ke awn vek simaw, asilole awnmawi vuak fehdan thawi' vek simaw ih feh in, iambic pentameter hin Shakespeare ih bezai a mawng (drives) ih a bawm. Iambic pentameter in ttong kha hmailam pan vivo ding in a tuah ih, cumi in ttongkam ih aw sang/aw niam fehdan awkhiahpawl ttha sinsin ding in an tuah. A hnuai ihta hi Romeo le Juliet sungih iambic pentameter catlang ttha zet pakhat a si.

But soft! What light through yonder window breaks?

                                                                                    (II.ii.2)

(Sinan, um hrih! Tukverh ih tleu rung suak khi ziang si?)

# Chin ttong ih a sullam leh mi hi cu bezai kalhmang in a si lo.

Himi ih awkhiah (a ttongfang zawng in a si lo) kan zoh asile, hiti'n a awn ti kan hmu thei.

            dee DUM dee DUM dee DUM dee DUM dee DUM

Catlang pakhatkhat kha iambic pentameter ih ngan mi a si maw timi cu awfang awn hminsinnak tuah vivo sehla a lang mei (tthimnak ah awfang niam umnak zawn ah (~) ret in, awfang sang umnak zawn ah ( / ) ret, tivekin).

            ~      /        ~        /      ~           /    ~       /    ~       /

            But soft! What light through yonder window breaks?

                                                                                    (II.ii.2)

Shakespeare in himi bezai ngandan kalhmang thar hi a rak hmang ih, a nganca hmaisalam cu iambic pentameter hruang sungah fek zet ih ngan an si.

Shakespeare ih kutsuak sungih thutluang (prose) cu iambic pentameter ih ngan mi an si lo ih, a khul (speed) le awkhiah hrangah calai bungrua (literary devices) dang pawl nasa zet in a hmang sawn. A hman mi calai bungruapawl ahcun hipawl an tel: 'antithesis' (sullam kalh aw ttongfang pawl sang aw asilole nai aw tei' ret mi), 'lists' (thuanthu ih thuhla sosannakbik (climax) lam pan ih feh cangvaihnak pehzom aw vivo pawl, asilole, thuhla phosuahnak ttongkam pehzom aw vivo pawl) le 'pun' (sullam dang nei ding ih hman mi asilole hman sual mi ttongfang).

Shakespeare hin thutluang hi mihlawm hnuaita pawl (lower classes) ih biakawknak tarlangnak ah a hmang—tthimnak ah A Midsummer Night's Dream sungih Mechanical pawl hrangah. Nelawknak asilole naivaiawknak a um mi thlirmual (scene) pawl hrang khal ah a hmang—tthimnak ah Henry V thuanthucawn cemnak ih Henry le Katherine ih biakawknak tivek ah. Thutluang hi atnak (madness) asilole ttongkam mawihmang lo (vulgarity) tarlangnak khal ah a hmang—tthimnak ah Hamlet thuanthucawn sungih nunau sakhaw-inn (nunnery) thlirmual tivek ah. Bezai ihsin thutluang a hmanthlengnak zawn le a thlengnak san hi a thuhmun ringring lo. Asinan thuhla umtudan simaw, cangtupawl simaw, thlirmual ih boruak simaw, ah thlengawknak a um ding timi a kawhhmuh ringring. A thuanthucawnpawl ahhin Much Ado About Nothing le Merry Wives of Windsor lawng hi thutluang ih tthum aw pumhlum deuhthaw an si.

A hnuai ih The Merry Wives of Windsor thuanthucawn sungih ca, Ford in amah le Page le midang pawl ih neihsiahpawl kha Mistress Ford thawi' a khaikhinnak, ahhin 'antithesis' a hmang ih, Ford in a 'nupi pakhat lawng' (wife with herself) hnakin midang le thil dang a rinsan sawn ding thu ah a hman mi thilri 'list' (cazin) khal hmuh theih a si ih, 'effect' timi ttongfang hi 'pun' ah a hmang fawn.

Ford

Page is an ass, a secure ass; hi will trust his wife, he will not be jealous. I will rather trust a Fleming with my butter, Parson Hugh the Welshman with my cheese, an Irishman with my aqua-vitae bottle, or a thief to walk my ambling gelding, than my wife with herself. Then she plots, then she ruminates, then she devises; and what they think in their hearts they may effect, they will break their hearts but they will effect. Gob be praised for my jealousy!

                                                                                                                          (II.ii.300-314)

(Page cu laak a si, laak himdam a si; a nupi a rinsan ding, a hamttam lo ding. Kei sawn cun ka nupi amahte ih a um ka rinsan hnakin, ka hnawikhak hrangah Fleming ka rinsan ding, ka cheese hrangah Welsh pa Parson Hugh rinsan in, ka tidai bawm hrnagah Irish pa ka rinsan ding, asilole ka rang tilper hruaitu ding ah rukru ka rinsan sawn ding. Anih cun khua a khang, thuk zet in a ruat ih, thil um hrih lo a hun a semsuah; cutin an thinlung ih a ruat mi cu an buaipi men thei, an thinlung an kuaidarhter ding nan an buaipithotho ding. Ka hamttamnak ruangah Pathian cu thangtthat si seh!)

A cangan thiamnak level a san vivo tikah Shakespeare hin bezai rong kainak thuk sinsin sersuak ding in siseh, cangtupawl le mipi hrangah donsang par ih hmuithlampawl nung ttha sinsinter ding in siseh, nuamtete'n alliteration (ttonghlawm pakhat sungih ttongfangpawl ah awphei lole awtung pahnih simaw, cuhnakih tam simaw hman nolhnak), assonance (catlang pakhat sungih awphei awn thuahawkternak) le onomatopoeia (an tican vek awn a nei mi ttongfangpawl) a hmang vivo. Himi calailam bungrua pathum hmuhsaknak cu a hnuai ih catlang pali ahhin hmuh theih an si:

Chorus

From camp to camp through the foul womb of night

The hum of either army stilly sounds,

The the fixed sentinels almost receive

The secret whispers of each other's watch.

                                                                  (Henry V, IV. 4-7)

Ttongfang hak (hard) a si mi 'C' khi catlang hmaisabik ah a nolh (alliteration), 'O' aw khi "through", "foul" le "womb" ah a hmang (assonance), catlang netabik ih "whispers" ih awn khin a tican a cawng (onomatopoeia).

Shakespeare in Hamlet a ngan can hrawng ihsin cangtu ruahnak a tarlangnak ah a hmantlangpi mi pentameter catlang kha awkhiah hleifuan a neihter can a um ttheu. Vei tampi cu aw nem asilole feminine ending timi a hmang (feminine ending timi cu catlang cemnak ah aw niam in a cem mi catlang khi a si). Enjambed asilole run-on line timi catlang thlun aw khal a hmang tam vivo (Catlang pakhat ah a tican kim hrih lo in a hnuai ih catlang vun siar peh vivo lawng ah a tican a kim vivo mi catlang khi enjambed line an ti). Catlang thlun aw hin khawruahnak kha catlang pakhat tete ih cem vivo lo in, catlang pakhat hnu pakhat ah a thlunawkter vivo. A sersuah mi cangtupawl ih sunglam hringnun (inner life) le an khawruahnak tum le tet (size) kha a ngan ding mi thuanthu ruangkham (structure) le thufun sungah a pholang thiam sinsin vivo. A hnuai ih tarlang mi Hamlet thuanthucawn sungih catlang hminthang zet ahhin Hamlet ih khawruahnak rit zet a tarlangnak ah pentameter a hman rero lai ah, ttongfang hleifuan pakhat a belhsah. Cumi in feminine ending a tuah:

~    /    ~    /    ~    /    ~    /   ~      /     ~ 

To be, or not to be: that is the question:

                                                                (III.i.55)

(Thih maw nun: a khirhkhannak zawn tak a si)

Hivek ih awfang hleifuan a tuah mi hin phuba la thei lohli lo ih a um ruangah a beidong zet mi le mah le mah thahawk duhnak lungput tiang nei thlangtu Hamlet ih khawruahnak a tthatlozia, a dinhmun siatzia le a hrangih himi hun ttongsuak ding a harzia pawl a tarlang. Asinan awfang san le niam tahnak hi hmuhdan dangdang um thei a si ih, cangtu pakhat cio asilole casiartu pakhat cio in tah ding a si, timi cinken a thupi zet. Himi catlang thotho hi hivek in a tah theih thotho:

~    /    ~    /    ~    /    /    ~   ~      /     ~ 

To be, or not to be: that is the question:

                                                                (III.i.55)

Hiti ih ret asile trochee a ra suak. Trochee cu iamb ih linglet a si ih, awfang sang (stressed syllable) ra hmaisa in awfang niam (unstressed syllable) in a thlun mi awkhiah a si—DEE dum ti'n a feh. Tthimnak ah 'thaisun' timi ahkhin 'thai' timi khi a sang ih 'sun' timi a niam. Hivek hi trochee a si.

A netnak lam ahcun Shakespeare cu calailam bungrua le ningkhawng sersuahnak lam ih mithiam cuangmuar zet a hung si. Othello, King Lear le Macbeth tivek pawl ah thuanthucawn ih hmelhmang danglamnak sersuak ding in awkhiah le ttongkam pawl laklawhter hrimnak, an umtudan sersuah thar hrimnak tivekpawl a hmang. Calai kalhmang phunphun siseh, ttong ih sullam le hman mi ttongfang siseh, cokrawi khawm ih hmansinh-nak (experimenting) le hmandan thar phorhsuahnak pawl a tuah. Cangtu pakhat le pakhat biakawknak ah catlang tawi le ttawm aw (short and shared) tivek khal a hmang tam deuhdeuh. A hnuai ih catlangpawl hi Macbeth thuanthucawn sungih ta an si ih, cangtupawl ih khawruahnak tong aw ding le feh tlang thei ding in an biakawknak speed le awkhiah a tuah. Ttongkam tawi tete'n a biakawkter mi khi vun komkhawm tikah a awkhiah fehdan an ttawm aw ti a lang.

Lady Macbeth       :  I heard the owl scream and the crickets cry.

                                  Did not you speak?

Macbeth                  :                               When?

Lady Macbeth       :                                               Now.

Macbeth                  :                                                               As I descended?

                                                                                                  (II.ii.15-19)

(Lady Macbeth       : Sumbuh le khuangbaipawl an ttah ka thei.

                                    Na ttong lo ti aw?

Macbeth                  :                               Ziangtikah?

Lady Macbeth        :                                               Tu ahhin.

Macbeth                  :                                                               Ka rung ttum phah ahkhan maw?)

Shakespeare in The Tempest thuanthucawn—mi tampi in a thuanthucawn netabik si ding ih an ruah mi—sungih netabik thlahawknak ttongkam a ngan tikah bezai kalhmang tampi a rawi khawm ih, cangtu pakhat cio le boruak umtudan pakhat cio thawi' a hranpa ih pehparawknak nei in a tuah fawn tikah, a awkhiah umtudan tah khal a har zet. Vei tampi cu bezai kalhmang a pahbal, a dinsuak sal, ih a sersuak sal ttheu. Curuangah Cymbeline, The Winter's Tale le The Tempest pawl ih a hman mi awkhiah cu awnmawi fehdan dangdang ih thleng aw cingcing ttheu jazz awnmawi fehdan thawn an tluk aw. Asinan The Tempest thuanthucawn cemnak ih cangtubik Prospero in thukharnak ttongkam a rel mi ahcun, Shakespeare cu bezai kalhmang zaran le tluangtlamte ah a ra kir sal. Calai ningkhawng le kalhmang phunphun ah a veivak kual vivo ih a netnak ah a rak thoknak hmun lala ah a ra thleng kir sal. Shakespeare hin ttongfang 1,700 zikte a sersuak, thithei lo cangtupawl a sersuak ih,  English ttong sanphung ih biazai ropibik a sersuah hnu ah, a thiamzung cu a phum (buries his art) ih, a hram a rak thoknak calai pianhmang (form) ah a ra kir sal. A helkual kim ah a cang.

Stratford Khawmi Shakespeare A Si Thei Ngai Maw?

A thih kum ihsin Shakespeare hi English calai le thuanthucawn ih bawmtu mithiang (patron saint) dinhmun ah a kai so. A hleice in, 1800 kumpawl ah phei cun a thuanthucawnpawl hi an lartuk lawmam ruangah mi tampi in Stratford khaw mi thuanthucawn cawngtu pakhat ih ngan a si an zum thei lo. Tuini tiang in mi tthenkhat cun Shakespeare ih thuanthucawn kan timipawl ngantu taktak cu Sir Francis Bacon a si ding tiah an zum. Ziangahtile khami san lai ah thil tinkim ih thiam cuangmuar zet, calai kutsuak le khawruahphung kutsuak lam khal ih mi cungcuang zet cu Sir Francis Bacon a si.

Mi tthenkhat dang leh cun Oxford Lal (Earl of Oxford) a si mi Edward DeVere sawn hi a ngantu taktak a si an zum. Culailakah midang cun Shakespeare hmin ih um ngancapawl hi Walter Raleigh asilole Christopher Marlowe ih ngan a si an zum fawn. Mi tamsawn cun ziangvek zatlang mihlawm (social class),lole, khawte ihsi khal in fimnak a hung irhsuak thei ti'n an zum ih an tthat tawk lai ah, Shakespeare ih hringnun kulhtu thuhlapawl lakih kan theih thei mi thuhlapawl le puzungthupawl (myths) karlak ahhin pehzom harsa khop in a lawnglak mi hmun kau zet cu a um.

Asinan tuini tiang ahcun Stratford khawmi Shakespeare hi a si ding timi sawn in a neh thluh hrih hai kan ti thei.

Sirhsan:

1.      G. C. Rosser (edited), The Tempest by William Shakespeare (The London English Literature Series), London: University of London Press, 1957.

2.      Mg Htin, Kabah Sarpay Ahngyun, Yangon: Seikku Chocho, 2008.

3.      Taw Kaung Minn (translated), Macbeth by William Shakespeare, Yangon: Unity Publishing House, March 2014.

4.      The Complete Works of William Shakespeare, published by Wilco Publishing House, Mumbai, India, 2010.

5.      The Glencoe Literature Library - Study Guide for The Tempest by William Shakespeare

6.      Whoriskey, Kate, (directed), First Folio: Teacher Curriculum Guide for The Tempest by Wiliam Shakespeare, The Shakespeare's Theatre in the Nation's Capital, March 22 — May 22, 2005.